Chapel Hill

StorylineRoads and bridges to the new University, 1793–18171793–1817 · 33 events · Beginning in 1793 the county court ordered roads to tie the seat of the University to the surrounding country: toward ferries on the Haw River, toward the Chatham line and to Hillsborough. In August 1794, on a memorial from the trustees John Haywood and Alexander Mebane, it ordered a road from the east end of Franklin Street, a name already in use, and later roads from that street to the New Hope road and the old Raleigh road. On the road to Raleigh it ordered bridges over New Hope Creek in 1802 and Ben's Creek in 1807 and had both repaired or rebuilt in 1816 and 1817. Juries were still adjusting the Haw River ferry roads in the 1810s. StorylineHeading the new University: Ker, Harris, Gillaspie and Caldwell, 1794–17991794–1799 · 7 events · In its first years the University changed heads quickly, and student discipline tested each of them. David Ker, elected presiding professor in 1794, resigned under pressure from the trustees in 1796, and Charles Wilson Harris served until December. Joseph Caldwell, who arrived that October, meant to leave rather than carry the executive duties, so in 1797 the trustees made James Smiley Gillaspie principal. In 1799 students beat Gillaspie and stopped exercises for a week, three leaders were dismissed, and by November Caldwell was chosen again to head the University. StorylineBlack workers and campus labor1795–2021 · 81 events · Enslaved men built and served the university from its first buildings, Wilson Caldwell led its labor force after Reconstruction, and the janitors organized an association in 1930 that became a CIO local in 1942. The university named the laundry for Kennon Cheek and Rebecca Clark in 1998, dedicated the Unsung Founders Memorial in 2005 and published the names of 119 enslaved workers in 2018. StorylinePerson Hall and the Main Building (South Building), 1796–18141796–1814 · 8 events · Finishing the University's first chapel and its Main Building took private gifts, lotteries and years of waiting. Thomas Person's $1,050 completed the chapel, named Person Hall, in 1798. That year Charles Gerrard's bequest of Tennessee land emboldened the trustees to lay the cornerstone of the Main Building, but its walls stood roofless for years for want of money. Lotteries in 1801 and 1802, William Polk's appeal of 1803 and Joseph Caldwell's subscription tours of 1809 and 1811 paid for the work, and students moved into the building, later South Building, in 1814. StorylineSteward's Hall and the University commons, 1797–18191797–1819 · 5 events · On December 9, 1797 Pleasant Henderson, who had moved from Mt. Pleasant to Chapel Hill that year, was chosen steward of the University of North Carolina, following John Taylor in the post; a UNC Libraries exhibit records that he enslaved nineteen people. Complaints about the food at Steward's Hall under Taylor and Henderson helped fuel the student uprising of 1799, and in 1801 Henderson's house was stoned. He did not reapply, gave up the stewardship in 1802, declined the trusteeship he was elected to, and went into business as Henderson and Searcy; he kept his Chapel Hill residence while clerk of the House of Commons from 1807 to 1830. In 1808 thirty-eight students, John Branch among them, petitioned the faculty over too little butter and beef often unsound and full of vermin. The faculty found the wording defiant and had it rewritten, and suspended John R. Stokes and Elias Foord for refusing to sign the milder version. Board at the hall rose from $30 a year in 1795 to $95 in 1818. In 1819 the trustees ended the old commons and rented Steward's Hall to Mrs. Burton, who had to feed students for no more than $9 a month the first year and allow the commencement ball in the dining room free, and students could board where they chose. StorylineStudent disorder and the trustees' discipline, 1799–18191799–1819 · 15 events · In its first twenty years the University's students repeatedly defied its faculty and trustees, and the board answered with expulsions, new ordinances and in 1817 the courts. Students beat principal Gillaspie in 1799, about forty-five left in 1805 over an oath for monitors, an 1811 outbreak left no graduates, and in 1816 a forbidden oration brought expulsions and a powder bomb at a tutor's door. Duels, a stabbing at the 1804 ball and an 1818 beating of an enslaved man ran alongside, until in 1819 students had to hand in six pistols and two dirks. StorylineThe Eagle Hotel and University Inn site, 1799–19941799–1994 · 11 events · By 1799 John Taylor Sr. had put up a tavern on Franklin Street, and the lot stayed in the hotel trade as the Eagle Hotel, the Chapel Hill Hotel and the University Inn. Nancy Hilliard added an annex for President Polk's 1847 visit. The University agreed to buy the inn in 1906, fire destroyed its main building in 1921 and Graham Memorial took the site, and in 1993 and 1994 UNC archaeologists dug up its foundations. StorylineChapel Hill grows from a college village to a town, 1800–18191800–1819 · 14 events · Between 1800 and 1819 stores, houses and shops went up on Franklin Street, and in 1819 the General Assembly named commissioners for the town of Chapel Hill. Along the way John McCauley opened one of the first stores by 1803, James Hogg built a ten-room house in 1804, and Thomas H. Taylor, Christopher Barbee, Thompson and Trice and Edward Robson added a shoe store, a smithy, a store and the post office. The county court licensed stores to retail spirits in 1817 and 1818, and a student of the class of 1818 remembered about a dozen houses on the main street. StorylineRobert H. Chapman’s presidency of the University, 1812–18161812–1816 · 8 events · Robert H. Chapman led the University from 1812 to 1816, years that began with his push for Bible study and ended in a student revolt. He was credited with organizing Chapel Hill's Presbyterians, but in 1814 night raiders struck his stable, cart and gate. In September 1816 he struck Republican passages from a senior's oration, and the revolt that followed brought expulsions, suspensions and a powder bomb at a tutor's door. Chapman resigned that November, and the trustees returned the presidency to Joseph Caldwell from January 1, 1817. StorylineRaising Old East and building Old West and Gerrard Hall, 1821–18371821–1837 · 8 events · About 1821, at Joseph Caldwell's urging and against the faculty's plea to spend on books and apparatus, the trustees voted to raise Old East a story, build Old West to match it and start a new chapel, borrowing from banks against Tennessee land sales. William Nichols ran the work. Bills from it list enslaved carpenters, bricklayers and laborers, with their pay due to their owners, and the University paid trustee William Polk $600 for the labor of men he enslaved. Battle gives the cost of Nichols's work as about $26,587. The chapel stood unfinished until 1833, when the sale of Major Charles Gerrard's Tennessee tract paid toward it and it was named Gerrard Hall; Thomas Waitt completed it in 1837. StorylineTemperance and the liquor question in Orange County, 1825–18591825–1859 · 14 events · Treating voters with liquor, and the liquor trade itself, drew organized opposition in Orange County from 1825 to 1859. In 1825 a court house meeting declared treating injurious to morality, and about 1827 the university trustees won a law against distilling or selling liquor at or near Chapel Hill. Temperance societies spread from 1829; by 1834 the Hawfields and Cross Roads society counted 437 members, and at least nine or ten distilleries had stopped. In 1841 Hillsborough men formed a Washington Temperance Society. In 1854 the county voted against the liquor 'Reform' question, but the 1855 Revised Code barred liquor sales within two miles of Chapel Hill, and in 1859 the village banned traveling liquor sellers. StorylineInternal improvements and the 1833 Hillsborough railroad convention, 1828–18371828–1837 · 16 events · From 1828 Orange County leaders pressed for river navigation and, above all, a central railroad through the state. That year James Mebane brought a flour boat down the Haw from Murphey's Mills, and a meeting with Joseph Caldwell giving the address urged a central railroad. The 1833 convention at Hillsborough chose Thomas Ruffin president, called for a Roanoke and Yadkin Rail Road and adopted Willie P. Mangum's report that the state should pay two-fifths of any work for which private citizens secured three-fifths. By August 1834 every Orange candidate for the Assembly had declared for the central railroad, and in 1837 Cadwallader Jones of Hillsborough was named to the Board of Internal Improvement. StorylineChapel Hill's town government and its codes, 1829–18591829–1859 · 17 events · Chapel Hill's early town codes governed its streets and policed its Black residents, enslaved and free. On February 19, 1829 the commissioners adopted fifteen ordinances that divided white men into patrol companies, made white and Black men liable to work the streets, and barred enslaved people from the streets on Sundays and at night without a written pass. An act of 1851 incorporated the town under five elected commissioners. A revised code of March 19, 1859 fixed the village limits at about 839 acres, ordered officers to check the status of Black residents who claimed to be free, and barred Black people from the country from the streets after 4 p.m. on tax and election days. StorylineThe University’s debts and the sale of its Tennessee lands, 1830–18371830–1837 · 11 events · With debts of about $37,500 and only some 82 paying students in 1830, the University's trustees refused the General Assembly's terms for help and sold property instead. The Assembly offered a $25,000 loan only as a lien on all University property, with the legislature free to take over the charter, and the trustees refused. They sold the Grammar School lot and, in 1833, their Bank of Newbern stock. In 1835 a new executive committee sent Treasurer Charles Manly to Tennessee, where 42,345 acres plus the 20,000 Smith acres went to Orme and Gifford of Boston. In 1837 the endowment went into Bank of the State shares, whose dividends, with tuition, made up the University's income until the Civil War. StorylineChapel Hill's first newspapers: the Harbinger and the Columbian Repository, 1832–18361832–1836 · 6 events · Chapel Hill's first newspapers had trouble keeping going. William B. Crittenden proposed a Harbinger in 1832 but seems not to have started it. Isaac C. Patridge began his weekly Harbinger on August 27, 1833, under the supervision of the University professors, covering the sciences and arts and leaning on Elisha Mitchell and William Hooper for its contents. Its press also issued Joseph A. Hill's address attacking heavy corporal punishment. After one year Patridge said the paper would stop for some weeks while he decided whether to take a partner or retire. In 1836 Hugh McQueen started the Columbian Repository, which backed Hugh L. White for president; short of printers, it stopped that summer and returned in September with new workmen. StorylineJoseph Caldwell’s last years and the choice of David L. Swain, 1833–18371833–1837 · 9 events · When illness forced President Joseph Caldwell to ask for help in December 1833, the trustees gave the senior professor, Elisha Mitchell, power to act in his place. Caldwell died on January 27, 1835, and a Hillsborough town meeting agreed to wear crape for thirty days. Mitchell was named president pro tem, and the trustees put off electing a president until December while raising the president's salary. That November Caldwell's body was taken up so that the artist Alfred S. Waugh could make a plaster cast of his face. In January 1836 former governor David L. Swain moved to Chapel Hill as president. A sandstone shaft the trustees raised to Caldwell in 1837 soon crumbled and never bore a name. StorylineChapel Hill's congregations build their churches, 1840–18591840–1859 · 17 events · Between 1842 and 1859 Chapel Hill's Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists built churches in the village, with enslaved people among the builders and the worshippers. From about 1843 the Methodists met above Jesse Hargrave's store in a room Charles F. Deems named Bethesda. People William Mercer Green enslaved worked on the Episcopal church, consecrated as the Chapel of the Holy Cross in 1848 with a wooden gallery for enslaved worshippers. The Presbyterians dedicated a small church in 1849 and the Methodists their first church in 1853. A Baptist branch of Mount Carmel opened its brick meeting house in 1855, and its first baptisms were of five people enslaved by William Barbee. In 1859 the Presbyterians installed their first pastor. StorylineEnlarging the antebellum campus, 1840–18611840–1861 · 21 events · In 1840 President David L. Swain began the stucco finish on the brick college buildings, and by August 1841, with the session crowded beyond its rooms, the university had contracted for two new dormitory buildings. Swain then brought in the architect Alexander Jackson Davis, who first came to Chapel Hill in 1844. Davis's three-story additions to Old East and Old West, on which the masonry subcontractor Dabney Cosby put enslaved workmen, among them Osborne and his brother Albert, were finished in 1848 with halls for the Dialectic and Philanthropic societies, furnished by the free Black cabinetmaker Thomas Day. Smith Hall followed, named in 1852, and New East and New West, begun in 1858, were ready on July 31, 1861. StorylineThe Log Cabin campaign in Orange County, 1840–18411840–1841 · 11 events · In 1840 Orange County's Whigs and Democratic Republicans contested both the presidential race and the county's seats in the legislature. In August Orange elected Willie P. Mangum, William A. Graham and two other Whigs, with the Democratic Republican Cadwallader Jones Jr. taking the fourth seat, and the Recorder declared Orange a Whig county. In September Mangum and Democratic Senator Bedford Brown debated for two days at Hillsborough's Masonic Hall, and Chapel Hill held a Whig log cabin festival, though the University faculty asked the candidates not to speak there. In November the county gave Harrison a majority of 191 over Van Buren, and William A. Graham went on to the U.S. Senate. StorylineFraternities come to the University despite the trustees’ ban, 1842–18591842–1859 · 9 events · In 1842 the University trustees declared secret societies harmful to the literary societies and to good morals, ordered the faculty to suppress them and barred any student who would not pledge not to join one. Greek-letter fraternities began entering the University in 1851 without any trustee or faculty vote admitting them. Delta Kappa Epsilon and Phi Gamma Delta came that year, Beta Theta Pi in 1852, and Phi Kappa Sigma, Sigma Alpha Epsilon and Zeta Psi followed by 1858; Battle also learned of a Delta Psi chapter no Chapel Hill record mentions. Many Phi Kappa Sigma members served as Confederate officers. Beta Theta Pi's chapter lapsed in 1859 as war approached, and the others had disbanded before the war ended. StorylineThe Samuel Phillips law office, 1843–19831843–1983 · 8 events · Samuel Phillips built a small law office on East Franklin Street about 1843; a boys' school met there, and Phillips and Judge William Horn Battle taught law in it. The merchant Adam A. Kluttz bought it about 1894, Professor W. S. Bernard made it his home in 1916, and it was rented to students from the 1950s. In 1982 the Chapel Hill Preservation Society bought it and sold it to buyers who restored and enlarged it in 1983. StorylineOrange County and the Mexican War, 1846–18481846–1848 · 8 events · Orange County raised a volunteer company for the war with Mexico, only to see it divided among other companies at the regiment's camp because it was still short of full strength. In 1846, 110 men enrolled at a Hawfields Regiment muster, and the volunteers later elected John Cameron captain. In January 1847 townspeople gave the Orange Volunteers a dinner at the Hillsborough House, and the company, accepted as Company I of the North Carolina Regiment, marched for Wilmington. At Smithville in February it was broken up, leaving Cameron without a command, though Orange men served on in the regiment in Mexico. In August 1848 about five hundred people attended a Chapel Hill dinner for the returning volunteers. StorylineRailroads through Orange, 1849–19091849–1909 · 118 events · Orange County residents put up $100,000 toward the North Carolina Railroad, a line built partly by enslaved workers that reached Hillsborough in April 1855, with through trains early in 1856. The Hillsborough depot shipped flour, tobacco and bacon, a depot on the Orange-Alamance line gave rise to Mebanesville, and state convicts built the University Railroad from University Station, which brought trains to West End in 1882. From 1901 came new bridges over the Eno, a train that killed two Caswell County farmers in 1903 and a fire that destroyed the Hillsborough depot that November. In 1905 a legislative committee killed a bill that would have let the University Railroad be abandoned. StorylineSmith Hall becomes the Playmakers Theatre, 1850–19821850–1982 · 9 events · Alexander Jackson Davis designed Smith Hall, built from 1850 to 1852 as the university's library and ballroom and named for Benjamin Smith. The Carolina Playmakers made it their theatre in 1925, and it reopened after a 1938 fire. It became a National Historic Landmark in 1974, and a federally funded restoration reopened it in January 1982. StorylineBenjamin Hedrick, the scientific school and his dismissal, 1851–18621851–1862 · 17 events · Benjamin S. Hedrick lost his University chair in 1856 for saying he would support Fremont. He took the chair of chemistry when the new School for the Application of Science to the Arts opened in January 1854. In August 1856 he told students at the polls he would support a Fremont ticket, and when the Raleigh Standard attacked him he replied that he opposed carrying slavery into the territories. The Standard called for his removal, students burned him in effigy and the faculty voted to disown his views. Swain argued that only the full board could remove a professor, but the trustees' executive committee dismissed Hedrick on October 18, and the full board confirmed it in January 1857. StorylineThe death of Elisha Mitchell and the University’s mourning, 1857–18581857–1858 · 9 events · Elisha Mitchell, for nearly forty years a professor at the University, fell to his death from a cliff on June 27, 1857 while crossing the Black Mountains alone, and the village and the University mourned him together. The townspeople met in the University Chapel, agreed to wear mourning for thirty days and walked in procession to give his family their resolutions; the students agreed to wear mourning too, and the village commissioners recorded the loss of a fellow commissioner. The trustees voted his widow the rest of his half-year salary and bought his books, apparatus and mineral cabinet. Two professors and his son took up his teaching, and in January 1858 the trustees elected W. J. Martin to his chair. StorylineOrange County during the Civil War, 1861–18651861–1865 · 155 events · Students left Chapel Hill to enlist from late April 1861, and Hillsborough Military Academy's founder, Charles Tew, left in May to command a Confederate regiment. The university stayed open as enrollment fell to about a dozen. Federal cavalry held Chapel Hill from April 17 to May 3, 1865, as many newly freed people left town or joined the army. StorylineHistoric Black neighborhoods of Chapel Hill and Carrboro1864–2018 · 171 events · Northside, Pine Knolls, Tin Top and Pottersfield in Chapel Hill and the Lloyd–Broad neighborhood in Carrboro grew from land bought by freedpeople such as Toney and Nellie Strayhorn, around their churches, the Orange County Training School and Lincoln High. Urban renewal, campus growth and rising land prices pressed them from the 1970s, and conservation districts, a zoning overlay in Carrboro and the Jackson Center’s work have answered since 2004. StorylineNorthside, Pine Knolls, and Tin Top1864–2023 · 106 events · Chapel Hill’s historic Black neighborhoods took shape after emancipation around the West End church and school, the Orange County Training School and its Rosenwald campus of 1924, St. Joseph CME and First Baptist, and the tin-roofed houses that named Tin Top. Lincoln High opened on Merritt Mill Road in 1951, residents resisted urban renewal in the 1970s, and as the Black population fell by about 40 percent the conservation districts, the Jackson Center and the 2015 Northside initiative worked to keep the neighborhoods in place. StorylineThe end of the Civil War in Orange County, 1865April 1865 · 31 events · In April 1865 David L. Swain and William A. Graham pressed for peace from Hillsborough as Johnston's army fell back through the county. Wheeler's cavalry fought Union pursuers at New Hope Creek on April 14, Union troops occupied Chapel Hill on April 17 under orders to protect the university, and Sherman and Johnston met at the Bennitt farm on the Hillsborough road, then in Orange County, where Johnston surrendered on April 26. StorylineThe university closes and reopens1868 to 1875 · 78 events · Reconstruction Republicans took control of the trustees in 1868 and dismissed the old faculty; Solomon Pool's presidency drew almost no students, and the university closed in February 1871. The legislature revived it in March 1875, Cornelia Phillips Spencer rang the bell, and it reopened in September under a rebuilt faculty. StorylineThe Grange in Orange County, 1873–19481873–1948 · 6 events · The Patrons of Husbandry, or Grange, took root in Orange County twice. James Means of Concord organized the Eno Grange at Cedar Grove in December 1873, and in October 1874 delegates of seven Granges organized a county council with John K. Hughes as master. A state Grange revival from 1929 to 1931 produced five Orange chapters, among them Schley Grange No. 710. Schley and Fairfield made their halls out of abandoned schoolhouses, and the chapters met every two weeks with women and children as members. A Grange was organized at New Hope in 1946, and in 1948 W. Kerr Scott, the Democratic nominee for governor and a former State Grange master, spoke to the county's Granges. StorylineThe University's summer schools for teachers, 1877–19071877–1907 · 8 events · For three decades the university used its summers to train the state's teachers, though the work stopped and started. The General Assembly set up a Summer Normal School there in 1877 to train white teachers, and President Kemp Battle and the Board of Education admitted white women, though state money could not be spent on them. Its last session was in 1884. In 1894 Edwin A. Alderman opened a Summer School for Teachers and Students, and in 1900, by Battle's account, the first summer term of degree courses began. The trustees' executive committee held no summer school for teachers in 1905, but N. W. Walker revived it in 1907 and directed it for twenty-seven years. StorylineRock Hill Baptist Church, 1877–19531877–1953 · 11 events · Louis H. Hackney became pastor of Rock Hill Baptist Church on Franklin Street in January 1877, when he was barely twenty-two, and held the pastorate for sixty years. The congregation celebrated the end of his fiftieth year in 1927 and honored him again in 1934. In the spring of 1937 a rift divided the church, partly over salary owed to Hackney: he retired, and a group following the assistant pastor, Rev. John Jones, bought a lot for a church of its own. Hackney died that December. Under the Rev. J. R. Manley the congregation began a brick church on North Roberson Street in 1952, held its first services there in 1953 and took the name First Baptist Church. StorylineChapel Hill Methodists build on Franklin Street, 1878–18891878–1889 · 7 events · From 1878 to 1889 Chapel Hill's Methodists worked to move from their 1853 church at Rosemary and Henderson streets to a new one on Franklin Street, and the old building became a Congregational church for Black worshippers. In 1878 the trustees paid $500 for about an acre on Franklin Street. The church's women raised money with a festival in 1881, a building committee was named in 1885, and by June 1887 the walls were ready for the roof, with the pastor credited for pushing on without funds in hand. The trustees sold the old church to the American Missionary Association, and on June 2, 1889, after a collection cleared the new church's $800 debt, it was dedicated. StorylineBuilding the State University Railroad, 1879–18831879–1883 · 29 events · Chapel Hill's railroad to University Station was graded by state convicts; a guard shot one dead as he ran, and an overseer was charged with cruelly whipping another, a Black convict named Fries, who died. A coroner's jury found other causes, and Battle wrote that the solicitor found no ground to prosecute. In 1879 the legislature had rechartered a stalled iron-mine line as the State University Railroad, and in January 1880 the stockholders adopted Kemp P. Battle's resolution to run it from Chapel Hill to University Station, and the directors elected him president. The first passenger train left Chapel Hill in February 1882, and by July mail ran on the line. StorylineStudent loan funds at the University, 1879–19321879–1932 · 5 events · When the state's budget cut threatened to drive students out of the University in January 1932, town and campus groups gave to a student loan fund whose beginnings went back to 1879. That year Charles F. Deems sent $300 to start a loan fund in memory of his son Theodore, killed at Gettysburg, and William H. Vanderbilt later added $10,000 through him. In 1906 Dr. Martin's will left more than $7,000 for loans to poor students. In 1932 Mayor Zeb Council named a citizens' committee, the sponsors of a concert by Amelita Galli-Curci gave their share of the receipts, and the campus Janitors' Association, facing a wage cut, gave five dollars. By early February about $7,000 had been raised. StorylineOrange County party politics and Sheriff Hughes, 1880–18881880–1888 · 13 events · In the 1880s Orange County voters kept returning Sheriff John K. Hughes, even in years they voted Democratic for president. Hughes was first elected in 1880, when independents ran against the Democratic ticket. In 1882 the Republican county convention endorsed the Liberal coalition ticket and Hughes's re-election; Zebulon B. Vance spoke nearly three hours against the coalition, but the Republican Isaac R. Strayhorn led the Senate race and the Liberal James A. Cheek won a House seat by seven votes. In 1884 Orange went for Cleveland and still returned Hughes, and in 1886 the Republican-backed Hughes won by more than 1,100 votes. In 1888 the Democrats left the sheriff's race to Hughes, who won as an independent. StorylineThe University's state money, 1881–18891881–1889 · 9 events · In 1881, according to Lefler and Wager, the General Assembly voted the university its first regular appropriation for maintenance, and within a few years the university both gained and lost state money. An 1885 act added $15,000 a year, and the trustees enlarged the faculty from nine to fifteen. In 1887, after a campaign led by Leonidas L. Polk, the General Assembly took the university's $7,500 yearly land-scrip interest for a separate Agricultural and Mechanical College at Raleigh. The university dropped pedagogics, mining engineering and other courses, and unable to pay the chairs added in 1885, the trustees let three professors go in 1888. In 1889 William Cain's election let the faculty begin teaching civil engineering. StorylineThe stock law and the end of open range, 1881–18871881–1887 · 10 events · From 1881 to 1888 Orange County argued over whether to keep the open range, with farmers fencing their crops against roaming livestock, or adopt a stock law, which made owners keep their animals penned. Little River Township voted for the old fence system in 1881, and two Black leaders, Alfred Holmes and Lewis Jenkins, spoke for a no-fence law in 1884. An 1885 act barred cattle from running at large in four townships and let Chapel Hill Township adopt the stock law. Its voters rejected the law 415 to 104 that November, but in 1887, on a petition of 383 freeholders, the commissioners put it in force there from 1888, without an election or a fence tax. StorylineThe county schools under Superintendent James L. Currie, 1882–18891882–1889 · 27 events · Orange County's Black public schools ran far shorter terms than its white schools, and Black teachers and parents pressed for more. In 1882 the Rev. James L. Currie of Chapel Hill became county superintendent. In 1884 Black teachers petitioned for a summer institute, which Currie conducted, and formed a county teachers' association. The Board of Education formed under an 1885 law funded an institute for Black teachers. Currie's 1887 report showed white schools averaging close to nine weeks and Black schools under four and a half, with Black women teachers paid $17 a month against $24 for white women. In 1888 the board tabled a petition from Cool Spring's Black parents for Black committeemen, and in 1889 Currie resigned. StorylineBuilding Memorial Hall, 1883–18851883–1885 · 16 events · Memorial Hall began with a promise from Governor Thomas J. Jarvis at the June 1883 commencement, when Gerrard Hall overflowed, and with a planned monument to the late president David L. Swain. The board ordered a large hall instead of an obelisk, and the cornerstone was laid on September 25, 1883. Work stopped that winter because the architect, Samuel Sloan, had underestimated the cost; Kemp P. Battle and George T. Winston canvassed the state for memorial tablets, and work resumed in the spring. After Sloan died in 1884 his chief carpenter finished the hall, with Paul C. Cameron advancing funds without security. It was dedicated on June 3, 1885, with the state's bill for its prison brick still unpaid. StorylineThe killing of student Jacob Freeze and the trials, 1886–18871886–1887 · 5 events · A University student's quarrel with a Black man, Pat Brewer, ended with a student shot dead and three men in the penitentiary. In October 1886 students besieged Jack Barbee's house in Chapel Hill, where Brewer and others had gathered, and a shot from inside killed Jacob A. Freeze, a first-year student from Rowan County. Five men were indicted, and Governor Alfred M. Scales posted a reward for Brewer. In 1887 a jury of nine white and three Black men convicted Brewer, Jesse Harris and Frank Kirby of manslaughter; Brewer got ten years and the others five. Their attempt to break jail failed, the state Supreme Court upheld the sentences, and in December 1887 they were taken to the penitentiary. StorylineThe Farmers' Alliance in Orange County, 1887–18951887–1895 · 16 events · Orange County farmers began organizing in 1887 and within a year had joined the Farmers' Alliance. Bingham Township farmers formed a club at Oaks that June, and in September an Orange County Club organized under Alex. McIver, though small attendance soon led it to put off a farmers' institute. After the Alliance's state organizer spoke at Hillsborough in March 1888, chapters formed quickly, and on May 18 delegates created the County Alliance under Sheriff John Knox Hughes. It opened an exchange in Hillsborough in 1890 and in 1891 endorsed the sub-treasury plan and all the Alliance demands. In 1893 a county committee called a bill to repeal the State Alliance charter a scheme to destroy the order. StorylineCarolina athletics from the ban to the undefeated 1898 team, 1888–19021888–1902 · 13 events · Carolina athletics began with a fight over whether to play at all: organized football started at the university in 1888, and by 1890 the trustees had forbidden intercollegiate contests altogether. A student petition won repeal by January 1891, and that April the football and baseball associations united as the Athletic Association. The 1892 team lost only to Virginia and then beat Virginia in a rematch at Atlanta. In 1895 the association hired Princeton's Thomas G. Trenchard, whose team won seven games before losing to Virginia. After a disorderly fall term the faculty in 1896 barred students on probation from the teams and made players pledge not to drink or gamble on trips. The 1898 team was undefeated and untied. StorylineThe last trains on the Chapel Hill branch, 1888–19371888–1937 · 4 events · Passenger service on the ten-mile branch between University Station and Carrboro ended as car ownership spread and roads improved. Captain Fred Smith became the branch's conductor on October 16, 1888. Effective January 1, 1924, the Southern Railway put the line under a separate corporation, to be operated as the State University Railroad Company, the News reported. The State Utilities Commission let the railroad drop passenger service, and the last passenger train ran on October 24, 1936, a trip some Chapel Hill and Carrboro people made into a railway picnic. The freight train was taken off by January 8, 1937, and Smith retired after 47 years as the line's conductor, kept on by the Southern Railway as a freight solicitor. StorylineGeorge T. Winston’s presidency of the University, 1890–18961890–1896 · 13 events · George T. Winston became president of the University in 1891, when Kemp P. Battle left the office after fifteen years to take a chair of history that alumni had answered a call to endow, and he led it through rising enrollment and a fight over its state appropriation. He and a faculty committee ended a campus feud by barring students from fraternities until a year after matriculation. In 1895 he rallied alumni legislators against a cut in the appropriation and prevailed after Populist leader Marion Butler came out for the university. Enrollment reached 403 that March and 534 in the 1896 catalogue. In July 1896 Winston resigned to become president of the University of Texas. StorylineWorking the county roads: the road tax fights, 1891–18991891–1899 · 8 events · From 1891 to 1899 Orange County's commissioners and justices fought over how to keep up the public roads: with a road tax under an alternative system, or with the labor owed by local men. In 1891 a joint session voted 13 to 2 for the alternative system and a tax of 7 cents on the $100. In 1893 the justices voted to end it, and after two standoffs the commissioners gave way and the tax ended. A special road law adopted in 1896 let each township choose labor or a road tax, and in 1899 the commissioners levied no road tax and went back to set days of work from every man liable to road duty. StorylineThe News, Chapel Hill's weekly that became the News of Orange County, 1893–19441893–1944 · 6 events · A Chapel Hill weekly founded in 1893 became Hillsborough's countywide paper. Begun as The Chapel Hill News and later renamed The News, it had a larger office and press in Chapel Hill by 1917, and in 1935 the Chapel Hill Weekly reported that it had moved to Hillsboro. In January 1944 W. B. Thompson and his wife sold its name, mailing right and good will to J. Roy Parker, an Ahoskie publisher on the university faculty. Parker renamed it The News of Orange County, remade it as a countywide weekly with journalism students as reporters. In November 1944, after ten months of printing about 150 miles away, it came off its own press in Hillsboro. StorylineAdmitting women to the University, 1894–19781894–1978 · 18 events · The University opened its graduate and upper-level courses to women in 1897 but long kept them out of its first two years. In September 1897 four women registered, which The Tar Heel called the start of coeducation, and Sallie Walker Stockard took her degree with the class of 1898. Women joined the Philanthropic Society in 1930, and new women's dormitories opened in 1937 and 1939. In 1936 the Chapel Hill Rotary Club asked that local young women be let in, but in 1937 the trustees' executive committee reaffirmed that women should not be admitted to the freshman and sophomore classes. In March 1963 The News of Orange County reported that the university would admit 24 freshman women that fall. Women outnumbered men in the entering freshman class for the first time in 1975, by Pamela Dean's account, and in 1978, the Daily Tar Heel reported, they outnumbered men among all students. StorylineThe University's centennial and the Alumni Building, 1895–19011895–1901 · 6 events · The University's hundredth anniversary in June 1895 brought both a look back at its history and a new building. Alfred Moore Waddell gave the oration, printed that year as The Ante-Bellum University, and Stephen B. Weeks spoke on the University in the Civil War. At the centennial banquet alumni and classes pledged gifts toward an Alumni Hall, led by Julian S. Carr. With about $7,000 of the $20,000 in pledges in hand, the trustees began its foundation in 1897, to a design by Frank Pierce Milburn modeled on the Boston Public Library. Its cornerstone was laid with Masonic ceremony in 1898, and the Alumni Building was finished in 1901 with fourteen lecture rooms and the University's administrative offices. StorylineEubanks Drug Store, Chapel Hill, 1897–19641897–1964 · 7 events · Clyde Eubanks, a Chapel Hill druggist since 1892, bought the drugstore when Dr. Roberson died in 1897. In 1901 he moved it into a new building he had put up, and in 1914 into another on his own lot about a hundred yards west. Carl Durham went to work at the store in 1913 and came back as a pharmacist after serving in the Navy Hospital Corps. In 1949 the North Carolina Pharmaceutical Association gave Eubanks its Mortar and Pestle Award. He sold the property to North Carolina National Bank and in 1964, on the eve of his retirement at 93, was named Merchant of the Year. Ben Courts then took over the store. StorylineThe UNC pharmacy school under Howell and Beard, 1897–19311897–1931 · 5 events · An earlier College of Pharmacy, begun in 1880, had been short-lived, and in March 1897 the university trustees set up a chair of pharmacy and elected Edward Vernon Howell, beginning the department that became the School of Pharmacy. In 1901 the department, with Howell as dean, was formally incorporated into the university and its laboratory and lecture space was doubled. Howell died on February 14, 1931 after seventeen days of pneumonia, and the Weekly's editor, his neighbor, wrote of the Halloween parties he gave the village children. J. Grover Beard, a 1909 graduate long on the pharmacy faculty, was named acting dean, and the trustees' executive committee ratified his appointment on March 19, 1931. StorylineChapel Hill's volunteer fire company, 1898–19311898–1931 · 22 events · From about 1898 a volunteer company fought Chapel Hill's fires, at first with two hand reels and hose lent by the University, and more than once a building burned where no hydrant was near. In 1921 the town built a brick municipal building and fire house and received an American La France motor truck. In June 1922, with the nearest hydrant almost half a mile away, fire destroyed the Orange County Training School, the county's school for Black students. In 1923 the company hosted the state's firemen at a barbecue, and the state association elected Chief John L. Foister its president. After officers missed an alarm, the aldermen put a full-time fireman on duty in 1928. In 1931 the bricklayer John Johnson became, by the Weekly's account, the only Black member of a white fire company in North Carolina. StorylineCotton Chapel and St. Joseph CME, 1898–19381898–1938 · 4 events · When the mortgage on Cotton Chapel, a Black Methodist church in Chapel Hill, was foreclosed in 1933, the congregation was left with no place to worship. Chapel Hill members of the CME church who had worshipped at Hamlet Chapel in Pittsboro had formed it in 1898, naming it for its founder, Henry Cotton. Its pastor, the Rev. J. S. Miller, appealed through the Weekly for help in buying a new site and building again. Between 1933 and 1938 Henry Baldwin, Margaret Burnette and Kennon Cheek mortgaged their homes for the down payment on a lot on Rosemary Street, where a frame church went up under Miller and was dedicated as St. Joseph CME Church. StorylineThe 1898 white supremacy campaign in Orange County1898 · 9 events · Orange County's 1898 election came during the Democrats' white supremacy campaign, and in its last weeks masked men lynched a young Black farmhand west of Chapel Hill. Populists nominated Devereux Turner for the state Senate, and the Democrats ran Samuel M. Gattis for the House. On October 26 Manly McCauley, 18, left Milton Brewer's farm with Brewer's wife; a posse overtook them, and as the officer Jesse King brought McCauley back alone, masked men took him and lynched him. His body was found on November 6. On election eve W. A. Guthrie appealed to white voters at Chapel Hill. King was later tried for letting the mob take his prisoner and was acquitted. StorylineSmallpox and the county's first pest house, 1899–19001899–1900 · 5 events · With no pest house, a building for isolating contagious patients, Orange County had to quarantine each smallpox patient at home when the disease came in 1899 and 1900. In 1899 Hillsborough quarantined itself against an outbreak in Alamance County. In 1900 a University medical student caught smallpox and recovered, and in February Postmaster J. Clyde Cheek of Hillsborough was found to have it; his house was cut off, everyone there was vaccinated, and no other town case followed. Cases then turned up among Black workmen building a telephone line. On Dr. C. D. Jones's advice, the commissioners bought 15 acres that had belonged to William Wheaton, a Black landowner, and ordered a two-room pest house built at once. StorylineThe Bank of Chapel Hill, 1899–19311899–1931 · 7 events · Founded in 1899 with $2,500 paid in, the Bank of Chapel Hill was, in Lefler and Wager's county history, the county's first bank after the Civil War. Julian S. Carr was elected president, and it opened for business that July. It moved into a new building on Franklin Street in 1914. In 1919 it raised its capital to open a bank in the mill town of Carrboro, and the Bank of Carrboro took in more than $30,000 in deposits on its first day. In 1925 it bought the assets of Chapel Hill's second bank, the Peoples Bank. After the bank failures of 1930, the federal government named it depository for postal savings at the Chapel Hill post office in 1931. StorylineThe University builds under Venable, 1900–19091900–1909 · 19 events · Under Francis P. Venable, elected president in 1900, the University spent a decade building. Julian S. Carr paid for the Carr Building, a dormitory, and in 1900-01 the University finished its water works, sewer system and heating plant and completed the Alumni Building and the Mary Ann Smith Dormitory. After Professor Charles Baskerville described the crowded chemistry laboratories, the legislature in 1905 gave $50,000 for a chemical laboratory, finished in 1906. Judge William Preston Bynum gave a gymnasium, and the trustees agreed to buy the University Inn for dormitories. A new president's house, an infirmary and the YMCA building followed in 1907, Davie Hall opened in 1908, and in 1909 Gerrard Hall was refitted so that daily chapel could resume. StorylineChapel Hill's public school becomes a graded district, 1900–19091900–1909 · 6 events · Chapel Hill's public schooling began the decade as a contract with two private teachers and ended it as a graded school district run free of the Orange County board. In 1900 the school board ruled that the Canadas' school was not a public school, since the teachers had not met the school law, and withheld their pay; John W. Canada's school closed in 1901. In 1903 the commissioners called a special school tax election in the district, and the school committee later bought the old Canada building. An act ratified in February 1909 created the Chapel Hill Graded School District, with a special school tax and six trustees, subject to the voters' approval in May. StorylineSegregation and access to medical care1901–1965 · 17 events · Black patients in the county went to Durham’s Lincoln Hospital from 1901, well-baby clinics were held separately in the 1940s, and the new hospitals of the 1950s opened with separate wards. UNC admitted its first Black medical student in 1951, the NAACP picketed Memorial Hospital in 1963, and the hospital ended racial segregation in 1965. StorylineTelephones in Chapel Hill, 1901–19921901–1992 · 39 events · Telephone service in Chapel Hill grew from one professor's telephone in 1901 to an automatic dial system owned by the University. Bryant lists Professor Eben Alexander as the first in town to have a telephone, number 1 in 1901, and by Battle's account Professor Joshua W. Gore had the first long-distance line set up that session. In 1922 more than eighty citizens protested a rate increase to the state Corporation Commission. In 1925 the University bought the Chapel Hill Telephone Company to keep it from outside buyers. In 1927 it ordered dial equipment to replace the overloaded manual board, and between December 1927 and January 1928 the town changed over to automatic service, with new numbers and higher rates. The University-owned company opened a Campus exchange in 1969 and planned one-party service in the early 1970s, and in 1974 a state commission recommended selling it to Southern Bell. Southern Bell bought the system in 1977. The towns fought its higher installation charges and asked it to pay taxes on the property, and in 1978 residents opposed its plan to enlarge the Rosemary Street exchange beside the Old Methodist Church. In 1981 Southern Bell switched Chapel Hill to an electronic system, Chapel Hill telephone workers joined the 1983 national strike, and in 1984, after the AT&T breakup, UNC replaced its dormitory telephones with modular jacks. In 1988 Bingham Township residents petitioned to join a toll-free Triangle calling region and calls between Chapel Hill and Pittsboro became local, and in 1989 a trial of flat-rate calling across the Triangle began. In 1990 and 1991 the county commissioners and the Town Council pressed for flat-rate and toll-free calling, in 1992 half-price calling across the Triangle began as an experiment, and Southern Bell switched its Chapel Hill office to digital equipment. StorylineProhibition and the blockaders in Orange County, 1901–19301901–1930 · 22 events · Hillsborough's fight over its saloons gave way to a long struggle against illegal stills across Orange County. In 1903 the town elected a board chosen mostly on the prohibition ticket, which refused every saloon license, and the barrooms closed that June. In 1905 the county commissioners refused the licenses a new town board recommended, and the town voted against liquor dispensaries. The county voted against state prohibition in 1908, though the state carried it, and in 1919 Orange's representative voted against ratifying national prohibition. Blockading, the illegal distilling of whiskey, went on: in 1920 Louis Graves wrote in the New Republic that Orange had the largest distilling operations in the state, and officers kept capturing stills through 1930. StorylineLocal school taxes come to Orange County, 1903–19091903–1909 · 10 events · Between 1903 and 1910 Orange County's school districts voted one by one on whether to tax themselves for better schools, and the votes went both ways. Caldwell District approved a local tax for a rural graded school in 1903, while Elm Grove rejected one that October. After a 1904 election the Mebane district followed, and in 1905 the commissioners levied special school taxes in both. In 1907 Superintendent John C. Hocutt said he meant to campaign for local taxes. In 1908 the Hillsboro district defeated a school tax while Fairfield carried one, and in 1909 the legislature created the Chapel Hill Graded School District with a special tax. By 1910 special school taxes were collected in six districts. StorylineUniversity enrollment climbs toward a thousand, 1905–19141905–1914 · 5 events · University enrollment climbed from 512 in 1900 toward 1,000 by December 1914, when Edward Kidder Graham told the trustees it would pass that mark, and the campus grew from ten buildings to two dozen. In October 1905 a freshman class of 200 was reported as the largest in the University's history, and the spring term of 1908 enrolled 770, a record by the News's account. In January 1909 President Francis P. Venable reported nearly 800 students to the trustees, about 92 percent from North Carolina, and an increase in the annual appropriation was asked. By September 1912 nearly 800 had enrolled, and more than 100 applicants had been turned away as not prepared to enter. StorylineHazing at the University and the death of Isaac Rand, 1906–19131906–1913 · 8 events · The death of freshman Isaac William Rand in a sophomore hazing in September 1912 led to criminal trials and a state law against hazing. In 1906 a freshman set upon by three sophomores had shot one of them, and in March 1912 sophomores threw rocks at a freshman room and fired a shot into it. Near midnight on September 13 sophomores took Rand and stood him on a barrel; he fell onto broken glass and died. Four students were arrested for manslaughter, and the faculty dismissed four more and suspended twelve. The 1913 legislature made hazing a crime. That March a jury found three defendants guilty, and their families paid the fees and took them home the same day. StorylineThe University’s Carnegie library and Hill Music Hall, 1906–19301906–1930 · 12 events · Andrew Carnegie's gift, first offered in 1905 as $50,000 and later raised to $55,000, built the University a new library. Construction began in October 1906, after President Venable reported that the $50,000 endowment for the library had been raised, and the Grand Lodge of Masons laid the cornerstone at commencement on June 1, 1907. The building opened to students that fall and served as the main library until Wilson Library opened in 1929. The old library, remodeled with an auditorium and an organ, most of the cost given by the Hill family, was dedicated as the music building on November 14, 1930. In 1931 it was renamed for John Sprunt Hill. StorylineDavie Hall, 1908–19671908–1967 · 5 events · Davie Hall opened for botany and zoology in 1908 and was rebuilt inside for botany alone in 1940. In 1966 its condemned front was torn down and a $1.5 million rebuilding for the psychology department began, and the new Davie Hall, an International Style building of tan brick and concrete, opened in the fall of 1967. StorylineUniversity students' night schools and social work, 1910–19161910–1916 · 4 events · About 1911, asked for help by the young Black workers who cut firewood and carried water in the dormitories, students began teaching them reading and arithmetic in what were called moonlight schools. Under Frank Porter Graham at the campus YMCA those classes grew to take in history, English, debating, home sanitation and the Bible. The YMCA had already organized Sunday schools enrolling 321 pupils. On November 1, 1915 it opened night moonlight schools in six schoolhouses within four miles of Chapel Hill, with 54 student teachers and about 300 pupils, and students also ran a night school at Carrboro and two for Black pupils. Fifteen students carried the night schools on in the fall of 1916. StorylineFoister’s camera shop on Franklin Street, 1911–19891911–1989 · 4 events · Robert W. Foister began selling cameras on Franklin Street in 1911 from a section of E. A. Brown's store. After a 1925 fire he moved across the street, and from 1926 Bayard Wootten made portraits in a studio over his store. Foister's Camera Store had closed by April 1989, one of the closings a downtown merchant blamed on falling foot traffic. StorylineThe county road bonds of 1911–19121911–1912 · 6 events · Orange County's first bonds, $250,000 to build roads, passed narrowly in 1912 and left a debt not cleared until 1953. Support built through 1911, with delegates to a state good roads convention and a talk to farmers by State Geologist Joseph Hyde Pratt, but the commissioners put off a bond election until spring. In February 1912 a Chapel Hill meeting named a citizens' committee to work for the bonds, and on March 19 the county voted 919 to 831 to borrow the money, with a good roads commission to pick the roads. Work waited while Frank Nash made up a case on the county road law for the state Supreme Court. The bonds sold about a year after the vote. StorylineHighways through Orange County, 1911–19241911–1924 · 17 events · Hillsboro fought to be on the Central Highway, and between 1911 and 1924 hard roads were built across Orange County. In 1911 Hillsboro, joined by delegations from Durham and Mebane, pressed its claim, and the trustees chose the route by way of Hillsboro and Mebane. In 1919 the commissioners let the national highway across the county. The 1921 Highway Act, championed by Harriet Morehead Berry of Hillsborough, paid for a state network whose Central Highway ran through the town. The state bridged the Eno at Hillsboro in 1922, and the Durham-Hillsboro highway opened in 1924, after paving had sent traffic through Chapel Hill and onto a private detour whose owner charged drivers. StorylineChapel Hill’s federal post office, 1911–19221911–1922 · 9 events · Chapel Hill's post office moved from a crowded one-room office into its own federal building in 1920, and soon outgrew its staff. In 1915 landscape architect John Nolen urged a site facing the long walk through the campus, and the government acquired the McNider lot. A firm of Chatham, Virginia, won the contract in 1917 for a building to be finished by December 1, 1918. Work began in April 1918 but stopped for a while after the contractor died in January 1919. Postmaster MacRae moved into the one-story building with columns, across Franklin Street from the Battle dormitory, by January 10, 1920. By 1922 the News said three clerks were handling some seven hundred student calls a day. StorylineSilent Sam1913–2018 · 25 events · On June 2, 1913, the United Daughters of the Confederacy and UNC alumni dedicated a Confederate soldier statue in McCorkle Place, and Julian Carr's dedication speech boasted of whipping a Black woman. The monument drew decades of protest until demonstrators pulled it down on August 20, 2018. StorylinePaving the Chapel Hill to Durham road, 1913–19211913–1921 · 4 events · Chapel Hill's road to Durham became a state test of paving surfaces and gave the University a hard-surface road. Superintendent Brown's surveyors laid out a new route close to the old road in 1913, and in 1916 the county commissioners placed it under the U.S. government engineer. By 1919 the State Highway Commission had approved chairman Frank Page's plan to build the four miles to the Durham County line as a test, in half-mile sections of concrete, asphalt, brick and other surfaces, while Durham County paved its own side. The road opened on Thanksgiving Day 1921, and the News reported heavy traffic. Franklin Street merchants declined to pay for paving its edges, so mud borders remained. StorylineBattle Park and the Battle Park Association, 1914–19331914–1933 · 6 events · Kemp Battle's paths through Battle Park were restored from 1931 by volunteers who were then put in charge of the land around University Lake as well. Students cleaned the park's trails during Community Service Week in 1914, and by 1917 an open-air theatre stood on a hillside there. In 1931 a meeting at Colonel Joseph Hyde Pratt's home launched the Battle Park Association, and citizens working without pay under Pratt cleared paths and built bridges, opening about three miles of trail that year. In 1933 the association was incorporated, and the University trustees put it in charge of both Battle Park and the land around the new University Lake, where it ran motorboat rides to pay for more improvements. StorylineWomen students at the University, 1914–19211914–1921 · 8 events · Women were registered in every department and professional school of the University by the fall of 1916, and by 1921 they had two houses of their own. Cora Zeta Corpening enrolled in 1914 as what Covington's history calls the first woman candidate for a medical degree, and Margaret Berry of Hillsborough graduated from the law school in 1915, the first woman to do so according to the guide to her papers. In 1916 the News called the women's registration in all departments a first, and they organized a co-ed club. In 1921, after years of pleas from adviser Inez Stacy, the university gave women two houses, room for about forty-five of the sixty-five enrolled. StorylineThe Weil lectures on American citizenship, 1915–20171915–2017 · 13 events · The families of Sol and Henry Weil of Goldsboro founded the Weil lectures in 1915, and that year former president William Howard Taft spent three days in Chapel Hill, a visit a photograph caption calls the inaugural Weil Lecture. Later lecturers included the Kansas editor William Allen White in 1925, Will W. Alexander of the Commission on Cooperation between the Races in 1929, and the historian Charles A. Beard in 1933, who drew crowds the Weekly said no speaker had drawn in many years. Henry A. Wallace spoke in 1937 and Eleanor Roosevelt, on the United Nations, in 1950. Roy Wilkins's 1972 lecture drew a student protest over American companies in South Africa, and Eugene Genovese spoke in 1976 and Julian Bond in 1978. Jimmy Carter gave the lecture in 1984, Cornel West in 1993, and William J. Barber II in 2017. StorylineThe 1915 road law and the county road supervisor, 1915–19171915–1917 · 10 events · In 1915 Senator Frank Nash's act directed the Orange County commissioners to spend the road tax on the roads of the county at large rather than township by township, and to elect a county supervisor of roads. A. W. Clarke became superintendent of roads that March. In 1916 the county placed the Chapel Hill to Durham road and the road from Carrboro to the Alamance line under the federal engineer and authorized the superintendent to buy equipment to work convicts on the roads. By 1917 inspectors counted 37 miles of central highways and many more miles of Class A and Class B roads, and the commissioners were ordering straightening, bridge work and a sand-clay road. StorylineChapel Hill's town elections under Mayor Roberson, 1915–19271915–1927 · 8 events · From 1915 to 1925 Chapel Hill's town elections returned W. S. Roberson as mayor, usually with a citizens' ticket. He defeated W. H. Boger in 1915 and was elected again in 1917 and 1919. In 1923 he beat Carl Wiegand, a young lawyer, 314 to 76, in what the Weekly called the heaviest vote ever cast in the town. Under a 1925 charter amendment the town elected six aldermen instead of five, and only 76 voters came to re-elect Roberson. He refused to run again in 1927, and in a light vote Zeb P. Council of the University printery was elected mayor. The Weekly said none of the men elected had sought the office. StorylineChapel Hill’s movie houses and the Pickwick fire, 1916–19241916–1924 · 11 events · In 1924 Chapel Hill lost its Pickwick theatre to fire and gained a theatre owned by and run for Black residents. Early in 1916 Lindsey and Strowd opened the Tar Heel Theatre on Franklin Street and S. J. Brockwell's Pickwick went up in the same row, and about 1918 Henry Guthrie opened a picture house on West Franklin Street, in the blocks where Black families were settling. On February 9, 1924 an early-morning fire burned the Pickwick. Brockwell rebuilt it, fireproof, on the same site, and it opened on May 31 with seats for 750. On July 4 the Standard opened on West Franklin Street, owned by tailor Durward O'Kelly, builder Charlie Brooks and brick mason Jesse Kirkland. StorylineOrange County’s Black high schools: the Training School, Lincoln and Central1916-1968 · 203 events · In 1916 the county board of education bought Louis H. Hackney's private school campus in Chapel Hill, helped by $3,000 raised by Black citizens, to house the Orange County Training School, which took the name Lincoln High School in 1949. Hillsborough's school for Black students was built in 1936 and became Central High School in 1943. Lincoln High merged with Chapel Hill High School in 1966. In 1968, a year of student walkouts against a phased desegregation plan, Central graduated its last high school class, and its high school students then went to Orange High School. StorylineSunday closing and Sunday beer sales in Chapel Hill and Carrboro, 1916–19751916–1975 · 13 events · Chapel Hill's aldermen let drug stores keep set Sunday hours in 1916, and in April 1923 they closed the town's stores on Sunday, leaving cafes and drug stores two short windows to sell drinks and tobacco, soon lengthened. In 1924 the Carrboro aldermen turned down the Methodist and Baptist churches' call to stop all Sunday trade and set Sunday hours instead, after more than half the town's voters petitioned against it. In 1928 Chapel Hill's mayor heard charges against druggists who had sold cigarettes during church hours, and in 1933 the aldermen ordered the grocery stores closed on Sundays. Chapel Hill stopped late-night beer sales in 1942, and the county banned Sunday beer sales in 1946. Both towns repealed their Sunday bans on beer and wine in 1971, but Carrboro restored its ban in 1974, and a court dismissed merchants' suit against it. In December 1975 a newly elected Carrboro board repealed it again. StorylineThe Orange County Building and Loan Association, 1916–19611916–1961 · 8 events · Lending to members to buy or improve real estate, a Chapel Hill building and loan association grew from a 1916 subscription drive into a savings and loan with record assets of $7.3 million. Its own later reports gave March 1, 1920 as the date of its organization. By 1928 it had lent $375,075 for 97 homes without a single foreclosure, and by 1932 it had lent $710,000 on 199 homes, most of them in Chapel Hill, while its president said it had foreclosed only one mortgage. Its assets grew elevenfold after 1950, and in 1959 it bought the Goldston property for a new office. In 1961 it took the name Orange County Savings and Loan Association. StorylineThe Newspaper Institute at Chapel Hill, 1916–19311916–1931 · 3 events · The university and the North Carolina Press Association brought the state's editors to Chapel Hill for Newspaper Institutes, beginning in December 1916 with what the printed report called the first such institute in the state and the South. That session heard former President William Howard Taft, and the editors put out a daily, the Press Institute News, on a borrowed linotype. In January 1926 more than a hundred editors met at the Carolina Inn for a three-day institute run with the University's extension division. The seventh annual institute, in January 1931, heard Governor Gardner speak on the state's affairs in Gerrard Hall, with Mark Sullivan among the speakers. StorylineLiberty Loans in Orange County, 1917–19191917–1919 · 9 events · Orange County passed its allotments in the later Liberty Loan drives of 1917 to 1919, and women's committees raised much of the money. Hillsborough banker Paul C. Collins chaired the county men's committee for all four loans. For the second, a women's committee under Mrs. James H. Webb raised $79,800. In the third, with Harriet M. Berry as county chairman, women organized in every township made $59,600 of the county's $99,150 in sales. Influenza called off a Liberty Day meeting in 1918, but Orange passed its fourth-loan allotment, and a committee of Black residents in Hillsborough Township raised $1,350 from 27 Black subscribers. In May 1919 the county passed its Victory Liberty Loan allotment too. StorylineOrange County in the First World War, 1917–19191917–1919 · 117 events · Orange County organized for the war in 1917. A county Red Cross chapter under John W. Graham, with branches and auxiliaries in Chapel Hill, Hillsborough, rural communities and Black churches, knitted for soldiers and shipped relief clothing; women's committees sold Liberty bonds; and the university's students drilled and in 1918 came under the Students' Army Training Corps. The county's war record lists 23 Orange County servicemen who died. StorylinePlanning the University’s growth and the south quadrangle, 1917–19221917–1922 · 9 events · Planning for a larger University after 1916 turned its new building south of South Building, onto what became Polk Place. After the trustees endorsed a full campus plan, President Edward K. Graham brought in the national planner John Nolen, whose plan of February 1919 laid out fourteen new buildings and recommended building out the land south of South Building. In June 1919, planning for 1,500 students, the trustees chose to build toward the south end rather than add four dormitories at the north end. On University Day 1921 the Masons laid the cornerstone of a new dormitory. Steele Dormitory was the first building on what became Polk Place, and Mangum Dormitory opened in 1922. StorylineThe Chapel Hill Red Cross chapter, 1917–19191917–1919 · 13 events · Chapel Hill and Carrboro people formed a Red Cross chapter on May 28, 1917, electing George Howe chairman and Alice Noble vice-chairman, and opened a workroom in a Main Street store. By December the chapter had shipped 8,202 finished articles, some made up by women in Carrboro and the country. It moved to the Zeta Psi hall in 1918, raised $1,156.60 on a $500 War Fund quota and collected nut shells for gas masks. After the armistice it moved to the University Inn and elected Dr. A. H. Patterson chairman. The American Red Cross commended Chapel Hill women for their work in the influenza epidemic, and by April 1919 the chapter counted 66 cases shipped. StorylineOrange County’s first draft, 19171917 · 8 events · Orange County's part in the first draft of 1917 ran from a festive registration day to the departure of seven picked men in September. On June 5, 1917, 1,503 Orange County men registered, and Chapel Hill led its registrants in a parade. The county's share of the first draft was 141 men. At a benefit for the Damascus school an entertainer billed as Uncle Josh said the government could not force anyone to leave the country to fight. The county exemption board summoned the first 400 men drawn, then picked seven to leave for Camp Jackson, South Carolina. On Labor Day the county gave its drafted men a dinner for white men and a separate dinner for Black men. StorylineThe Chapel Hill Hardware Company and its successors, 1917–19301917–1930 · 4 events · The Chapel Hill Hardware Company came through a receivership in 1917, but its Franklin Street store was lost in the Depression. Run by H. C. Wills and his sons, the company shut its doors on June 11, 1917, and R. L. Strowd was appointed receiver. By September it had been relieved of the receivership and had reopened on a cash basis under H. C. Wills. By April 1928 T. M. Johnson and his son-in-law Ralph M. Moore had bought out the company and reopened the store as the Moore-Johnson Hardware Company. In 1930 the successor store failed, one of several Franklin Street businesses lost in the Depression, and Orange Hardware took it over. StorylineBattery C, Orange County’s National Guard artillerymen, 19171917 · 4 events · Men from Chapel Hill, Carrboro and Hillsboro helped fill Battery C, a Durham-based field artillery battery of the North Carolina National Guard, by its July 1917 deadline. Chapel Hill and Carrboro furnished 34 men and Hillsboro 4, and Samuel M. Gattis Jr. of Hillsboro was made one of its lieutenants. On July 23 the Order of Red Men entertained the Chapel Hill and Carrboro men at their hall in Carrboro. Two days later between 30 and 35 young men left for camp at Trinity College in Durham before training in South Carolina. In late August the Chapel Hill Red Cross sent the battery's Orange County men comfort bags, and a committee of the battery wrote to thank the women. StorylineHenry Guthrie's West Franklin Street property and Black-owned businesses, 1918–19241918–1924 · 5 events · Black-owned businesses grew up around West Franklin Street, where Black families were settling, while Henry "Buddy" Guthrie's property there suffered fire and debt. About 1918 Guthrie opened a picture house. In October 1923 the Black merchant Van Nunn finished a new store on Rosemary Street. That November fire destroyed Guthrie's garage behind the theatre for Black patrons, with four automobiles of Black residents, the second fire on his property in that block in about a month, the News said. On July 4, 1924 the Standard, a movie house owned by and run for Black residents, opened on West Franklin Street. That month a trustee advertised the Guthries' land for sale after they fell behind on the note. StorylineTeachers' pay in Chapel Hill and Orange County, 1918–19351918–1935 · 6 events · Orange County spent far less on Black teachers than on white ones, from a 1918-19 count of school spending to a 1935 salary table. In 1919 the county board decided to lift salaries to a $75 monthly average. Facing a deficit and debt in May 1928, the Chapel Hill school board offered sharp cuts, then restored the old schedule after a week of public concern; that September citizens resolved to endorse notes for a bank loan so the teachers could be paid at once. In 1931 teachers in both the white and Black schools took a 10 per cent cut. In 1935 white teachers were paid about $65 to $77 a month and Black teachers about $38 to $46. StorylineThe Carolina Playmakers and the founding of UNC Press1918 to 1937 · 71 events · Frederick Koch's Carolina Playmakers, organized in 1918, and the University of North Carolina Press, founded in 1922, made Chapel Hill a place where plays and books were made as well as read. StorylineThe Graham Memorial, 1918–19321918–1932 · 16 events · President Edward Kidder Graham's death of influenza and pneumonia in October 1918 led to a campaign for the student activities building he had hoped for, which took years to finish. In December trustees and faculty agreed to raise $150,000 privately, with Albert Coates running the drive. Students, faculty and a town canvass pledged in 1919, and the drive reached $120,000 by the end of that year. Arthur C. Nash's building stood finished outside in March 1925, but the money had run out and its interior was bare concrete and steel. A gift from an anonymous alumnus, which the Weekly put at $80,000, paid to finish it, and it was dedicated on January 29, 1932. StorylineThe Michie house on South Columbia Street, 1919–19951919–1995 · 4 events · Sallie Michie bought the house beside what became the Ackland Art Museum in 1919 and for decades refused to sell it to UNC. She died in 1992, leaving it to the Magna Carta Dames and the Daughters of the American Revolution, and UNC moved to buy or condemn it. In 1993 a judge ruled that the two groups were not bound by the will's trust, and a judge ordered it sold to UNC by eminent domain in 1995, and it was razed for parking that November. StorylineChapel Hill's police chiefs, 1919–19281919–1928 · 7 events · In February 1919 Chapel Hill's new police chief resigned after a week, and in May the aldermen chose S. F. Long, who had held the post before. Long left the town force in 1923 to police the contractors' camp at the University building works, and George Featherstone, formerly of the Durham police, took his place. The mayor and town manager suspended Featherstone in April 1924 for helping an Ohio officer take a wanted man out of the state before his lawyer could contest extradition, and he was reinstated within weeks. In 1925 William T. Sloan became acting chief, and when Sloan became sheriff in 1928, his assistant, H. L. Rigsbee, succeeded him. StorylineOrange County's welfare superintendents, 1919–19611919–1961 · 7 events · Orange County's welfare department began under the school superintendent and worked for years with little staff. After a 1919 law required every county to have a welfare board, the commissioners and school board made school superintendent R. H. Claytor the first welfare superintendent. George H. Lawrence became the first full-time superintendent in 1928 and for years worked with only a part-time clerk. In 1954 Annie Strowd resigned weeks after the commissioners refused her department's requests for pay raises and a casework supervisor. Her successor, Jane Parker, left in 1956 for a Durham agency and returned in 1957 after the commissioners raised the salary. She retired in 1961, and Mrs. Creighton Bunn was superintendent by March. StorylineBig farms sold in small tracts, 1919–19231919–1923 · 3 events · Between 1919 and 1923 three big Orange County farms were broken up and sold at auction in smaller tracts. On July 12, 1919 the 508-acre Williams-Snipes farm near Carrboro sold in tracts laid off by a Greensboro realty company, and Professor H. H. Williams of the University bought most of it. That October the New Hope Valley tobacco farm east of Chapel Hill, owned by Maynard Mangum of Durham, was auctioned as sixteen farms and brought $98,260.70. On November 22, 1923 Julian Carr's Occoneechee Farm near Hillsboro was sold at auction in small farms along the Durham-Greensboro highway, with its personal property; Carr had already sold his Holstein herd to Chapel Hill dairyman C. H. Weaver. StorylineChapel Hill's trash and garbage service, 1919–19351919–1935 · 3 events · A town wagon hauling trash from back lots was the start of a Chapel Hill service that by 1935 reached beyond the town limits, partly to stop dumping in the woods. By 1919 the town charged owners and tenants of back lots an extra 25 cents each to pay for the wagon, which the News called a good sanitary move. In 1931 the aldermen forbade burning leaves or trash on streets and sidewalks, which had been cracking the new concrete curbs and gutters, and required owners to clear trash that was a fire danger or nuisance. In 1935 they offered the service, at 75 cents a month, to families outside the limits wherever enough subscribers made it pay. StorylineConsolidating the rural schools and hauling the children, 1919–19261919–1926 · 32 events · Between 1919 and 1926 Orange County closed many of its small country schools and began carrying the children by truck and bus to larger ones. The Chapel Hill Graded School had a Ford truck for country children by 1919, and in 1923 superintendent Claytor began folding the county's one- and two-teacher schools into larger ones. The county board set an order for new buildings at Efland, White Cross, the Orange County Training School, Orange Grove and Caldwell, ordered its first school buses in 1924 and sold the emptied schoolhouses. By April 1926 the county had put up seven brick consolidated schools since 1922, including the Orange County Training School for Black pupils, and ran 24 buses. StorylineDairying and clean milk around Chapel Hill, 1920–19321920–1932 · 8 events · Falling cotton prices and the boll weevil turned farmers in southern Orange County to dairying in the 1920s, and the price of Chapel Hill's milk twice went before citizens' committees. After the high school's agriculture teacher helped 37 farmers buy purebred Jersey cattle, they formed a breeders' club. By 1927 C. H. Weaver had built a pasteurizing plant at his Oak Grove Dairy, and a government inspector tested more than 400 cows for tuberculosis. When the dairymen together raised milk from 15 to 20 cents a quart in 1928, wide protest brought agreement on 17 1/2 cents. In 1932 a second committee recommended 12 1/2 cents, though the aldermen set no price. StorylineSchool dental clinics in Orange County, 1920–19401920–1940 · 7 events · From 1920 to 1940 Orange County schoolchildren received free or reduced-fee dental care through clinics backed by the State Board of Health, civic clubs and the Red Cross. In January 1920 state school dentist A. M. Schultz treated 75 children free at Chapel Hill High School, then set up a county clinic at Hillsboro. From about 1928 Dr. J. P. Jones ran a clinic for Chapel Hill school children for the Kiwanis Club. By May 1935 a clinic at the Chapel Hill school for Black children had treated 340 children, with Black residents raising $100 of its cost. From 1936 Dr. I. A. Daves of the State Board of Health toured the county's Black schools, reaching every one by 1940. StorylineThe Chapel Hill Country Club and its golf links, 1920–19291920–1929 · 6 events · Fire destroyed the Chapel Hill Country Club's first clubhouse on April 3, 1920, and the club rebuilt on land given by William C. Coker. After a time in the Gorgon's Head lodge, members opened a new clubhouse on Coker's grounds south of the campus on May 17, 1923. The club had broken ground for a golf course that March, and by August it had cleared the first fairway and graded four greens. In January 1929 the club gave up 6 acres and received 29 from Coker, enough to extend the course to nine holes, and in February Coker gave the six-acre hill back so the club could stay open. The land later passed to the university, and the Laurel Hill subdivision was laid out along the course. StorylineBuilding the Chapel Hill Baptist Church, 1921–19241921–1924 · 9 events · With help from the state Baptist board, the Chapel Hill Baptist Church built a new church facing the campus. In 1921, after Charles E. Maddry of the state board won approval to buy a site, the congregation accepted the lot; members pledged more than $25,000, and the Home Board and state board gave about $100,000. Frank Milburn designed the tan brick and stone church at West Franklin and South Columbia streets, and it opened formally on October 7, 1923. The News put the cost at $136,000, said it seated 1,500 and expected it to serve about 600 Baptist students. Eugene I. Olive began his nine-year pastorate, the church's longest up to then, in April 1924. StorylineThe Hill Bakery, 1921–19541921–1954 · 5 events · The Hill Bakery supplied most of Chapel Hill's bread for over thirty years, under a line of owners. William B. Neal started it in 1921 and in 1925 sold it to his assistants, Charles B. Guthrie and W. V. Stuart, leaving for Florida; he came back in 1927 and was managing it again by April. Mrs. W. B. Neal ran the bakery after her husband died in 1935, and she sold it to Robert A. Reinhardt of Waynesboro, Virginia, who came to run it in 1945; Bryant's Franklin Street survey spells his name Rhinehart and places the sale in 1943. In 1954 he sold it to Thell Jernigan, and Thell's Bakery stayed in business into the mid-1980s. StorylineThe University Summer School grows, 1921–19281921–1928 · 4 events · Between 1921 and 1928 the University's summer school grew into a twelve-week term with record enrollments. In 1921 it enrolled 1,090 students, slightly fewer than the summer before. In June 1923 President H. W. Chase opened the first summer school run as a twelve-week term in two six-week sessions, which he said meant the University would be in session almost the whole year. The first term of 1928 enrolled 1,752, the largest summer body yet, and Orange sent more than any other county; the second term also set a record. That June the men students voted to set up student government for the summer session, which the Weekly said had been under faculty control. StorylineThe Chapel Hill Community Chorus, 1921–19311921–1931 · 3 events · Chapel Hill twice organized a community chorus that drew on the University and the town alike. On November 29, 1921 members of the Community Club's music department formed the Chapel Hill Community Chorus under Paul J. Weaver, open to faculty, students and townspeople and planning at least two free public concerts a year. In October 1929 George H. Lawrence organized a new community chorus of 120 voices, which sang Handel's Messiah under Harold S. Dyer in the Methodist church on December 16 before more than 1,200 people. By October 30, 1931 its executive committee had judged any project impractical for the near future, and the chorus suspended its activities for the year. StorylineChapel Hill’s first town manager and its improvements, 1922–19311922–1931 · 31 events · Chapel Hill hired E. M. Knox as its first town manager in 1922, and the Weekly later credited him with paved streets, sewer extensions, a disposal plant, a health department and better fire protection, all without a higher tax rate. In June 1928 the aldermen adopted the town's first zoning ordinance, and Knox resigned to become city manager of High Point; his engineering assistant, John Foushee, succeeded him. In 1931 the aldermen sought a charter amendment letting them choose the mayor as town manager, amid talk of saving the manager's salary, but said they had no plan to drop the manager system. StorylineThe Chapel Hill school's money and leaders: budgets, tuition, bonds and debt, 1922–19441922–1944 · 21 events · Chapel Hill's school ran so short of money that by 1928 its teachers' pay was months in arrears and its board members had personally endorsed bank notes. Voters approved $40,000 in building bonds in 1922, but in 1925 the county cut the school's allowance, and the teachers gave up their raises. After a 1928 audit citizens endorsed notes so the teachers could be paid, and in 1929 voters carried bonds to clear the debts. C. A. Hoyle became principal of the Chapel Hill and Carrboro schools that year, and in 1930 voters took the territory around town into the district, ending tuition for outside children. J. Minor Gwynn led the schools from 1932 and Allison W. Honeycutt from 1937. StorylineChapel Hill’s sewers and the Bolin Creek plant, 1923–19441923–1944 · 34 events · In 1923 about four homes in ten in Chapel Hill lacked water and sewer connections, and from then to 1944 the town and the University built and kept enlarging a sewer system and a disposal plant in the Bolin Creek valley. In 1925 the town contracted for a plant in Strowd's Lowgrounds, with the University agreeing to pay half the cost. Neighbors downstream sued or claimed damages over sewage, odors and flies. A Church Street main in 1926 gave the Black neighborhood there complete service. A new plant went into operation in 1931, a 1937 pumping station let every home within the town limits connect, and in 1944 the aldermen moved to enlarge the long-inadequate plant again. StorylineRebuilding Franklin Street’s business block, 1922–19271922–1927 · 14 events · In 1927 Chapel Hill's aldermen refused a petition from five owners to remove the trees on Franklin Street's business block, voted to keep them and plant new ones, and reaffirmed the policy after about fifty citizens crowded a hearing. Under E. M. Knox, the town's business manager from 1922, Chapel Hill laid sidewalks, extended its sewers and planted street trees. In 1927 the aldermen authorized street bonds without a vote, paved the planting strip down the middle of Franklin Street and moved the north curb toward the buildings. A flashing traffic beacon that Louis Graves called an eyesore stood at the Raleigh road by that August, and by late November lamps borrowed from the University lit the north side. StorylineWalker's Funeral Home, 1922–19631922–1963 · 4 events · A Hillsborough family business opened in 1922 by Houston J. Walker and his son Allen H. Walker Sr. grew over four decades into a funeral firm with branches in Chapel Hill and Mebane. The Walkers began with a Model T Ford and a Reo hearse. In 1936 the firm bought and remodeled a building at 120 West Franklin Street in Chapel Hill, and in January 1937 the Weekly reported the branch finished and open, with I. M. Walker as manager and day-and-night ambulance service. A Mebane branch followed in 1945. On its 41st anniversary in 1963 the firm dedicated the chapel in its brick building on North Churton Street in Hillsborough, honoring Houston J. Walker and his late wife. StorylineThe fraternity house boom and the University’s land, 1922–19301922–1930 · 17 events · Fraternities put up a run of large chapter houses from 1922 to 1930, and on April 20, 1926 the trustees' executive committee resolved against selling them University land. Delta Kappa Epsilon finished the first of the big Colonial Revival houses in 1923, and three fraternities bought a place on Cameron Avenue for a second fraternity court. Alumni gifts paid for the Big Fraternity Court, five houses on South Columbia Street, and fire destroyed the Phi Delta Theta house in 1927. In May 1929 the University set aside land on the Pittsboro highway for a new fraternity colony, taking lots on old Fraternity Row in exchange. That September the Daily Tar Heel counted 31 fraternities with over 900 members. StorylineSegregated housing and neighborhood boundaries1923–1968 · 25 events · New Chapel Hill subdivisions of the 1920s, Gimghoul in 1923 and William C. Coker's Rocky Ridge lots in 1927, carried deed restrictions on the race of residents, and realtors steered Black buyers such as Howard and Lillian Lee away from white neighborhoods. In May 1968 the town adopted North Carolina's first local open housing ordinance. StorylineBreeding and testing the county's dairy cattle and poultry, 1923–19271923–1927 · 10 events · In 1923 the Bank of Chapel Hill backed the Chapel Hill high school's purebred Jersey program, and that fall Jersey owners in the southern half of the county formed a breeders' club. Federal inspectors found no tuberculosis in the town's dairy herds that summer, a result the Weekly credited to the town's testing rule. In 1924 the first county poultry show formed a poultry breeders' association, and in 1925 the Lloyds' large incubator at Sunnyside began hatching farmers' eggs. That year the county joined the federal and state campaign to rid its cattle of tuberculosis and Chapel Hill began grading its dairies under the state milk ordinance, and in 1927 a federal inspector tested more than 400 cows in the town's dairies. StorylineThe Chapel Hill Weekly, 1923–19721923–1972 · 6 events · Louis Graves founded the Chapel Hill Weekly in 1923 and edited it until he sold it in 1954. The paper moved into a former car dealership on West Franklin Street in 1963, Graves died in 1965, and Jeff MacNelly drew cartoons for it as a student. In 1972 publisher Orville Campbell replaced it with the Chapel Hill Newspaper, published five days a week. StorylineThe University’s building program, 1923–19251923–1925 · 23 events · The 1923 legislature gave the University $1,650,000 for buildings, and the trustees divided it among men's dormitories, a chemistry building, the remodeling of old buildings, a water supply and a women's building. Old West was gutted and rebuilt as a modern dormitory, and Old East, found unsafe, was saved inside a concrete frame. The Weekly called 1923 by far the greatest building year in the town's history. Three dormitories went up across the old Raleigh road, the metal-walled Tin Can athletic building opened, and Swain Hall was rebuilt after a fire in 1924. The chemistry department moved into the new Venable Hall in 1925, and the women's building opened that fall. StorylineGimghoul Castle at Piney Prospect, 1923–19311923–1931 · 8 events · In 1923 the Order of Gimghouls gave the University 35 acres next to Battle's Park in a land exchange and began selling house lots whose deeds required approved house plans. With money from those lot sales, the order built a stone castle on the crest at Dromgoole Rock near Piney Prospect, at the spot where legend placed Dromgoole's fatal duel and burial. Members and alumni agreed unanimously in June 1924 to build the lodge, and the Weekly put the likely cost at $35,000 to $45,000. Some 1,300 tons of stone were hauled in, stonemasons came from the Waldensian settlement at Valdese, and Charlie Lee Martindale was general contractor. The order first gathered in the castle in May 1926. After repeated break-ins, apparently by students, it had wrought-iron grills fitted over the windows and added heavy doors and bolts by 1931. StorylineOrange Methodist Church’s new building, 1923–19251923–1925 · 4 events · A homecoming on Orange Methodist Church's 109th birthday in July 1923 opened a campaign for a new building north of Chapel Hill. S. J. Brockwell gave the framing lumber, and the new church, with four Sunday school rooms, opened on June 1, 1924 before about a thousand people, when Charles E. Maddry raised about $2,000 toward its debt. At the homecoming of June 1925 Brockwell gave the last $500 of the $800 still owed. StorylineAuctioning land into house lots, 1923–19251923–1925 · 7 events · From 1923 to 1925 farms and fields around Chapel Hill and Carrboro were cut into house lots. The Chapel Hill Insurance and Realty Company opened Forest Hills on the Pittsboro road and lots on North Street in 1923. In 1924 the Durham Auction Company sold the Lloyd field in Carrboro and part of the old Purefoy land at sales with bands and free dinners, and W. C. Coker's woods east of the campus were laid out in large lots. In 1925 the realty company bid in most of Robert L. Strowd's farm east of town at auction and began selling lots there as Davie Woods. StorylineChapel Hill and its dogs, 1923–19481923–1948 · 13 events · For a quarter century Chapel Hill and Orange County contended with stray dogs and repeated outbreaks of rabies, answering each with muzzles, leashes, quarantines and the shooting of dogs at large. In 1926 an outbreak put fifteen people under the Pasteur treatment, a course of rabies vaccine injections, and the aldermen ordered loose dogs muzzled and leashed or shot. Police shot loose dogs in 1929, and from 1932 a town pound killed unclaimed dogs. The county began vaccinating dogs in 1936, and outbreaks brought quarantines in 1937, 1940 and 1941. In 1948, with about 8,000 dogs thought unvaccinated, the commissioners ordered vaccination checks in every community. StorylineSelling the county’s farm produce, 1923–19261923–1926 · 9 events · Cream routes run by the Chapel Hill school's agriculture department grew from about 20 pounds of sour cream a week in 1922 to more than 500 in the spring of 1924, all of it sold to the Burlington creamery, and in March 1924 the agriculture teacher R. P. Harris shipped pure-bred eggs out of the county, the first such sale, the Weekly said. That fall the county commissioners paid a driver and the school board lent a revolving fund for a farmers' marketing truck, which sold $2,402 of poultry, eggs, butter and other produce in October. In 1926 the county's sweet cream and poultry producers reported a net profit of $5,151 for six months, and farms around Chapel Hill were supplying much of the cream for Durham's ice cream companies. StorylinePublic health in rural Orange County1924 to 1955 · 121 events · County nurses, clinics, the district health department and sanitation work reached into rural Orange County from 1924: the campaigns against typhoid, diphtheria, tuberculosis and polio through 1955. StorylineUNC national championships beyond women’s soccer1924 to present · 36 events · National titles won by Carolina teams other than women's soccer: the 1924 basketball team's later Helms recognition, men's basketball's six NCAA championships from 1957, women's basketball in 1994, and the field hockey, lacrosse, men's soccer and women's tennis titles since 1981. StorylineChapel Hill’s nurse for Black residents, 1924–19411924–1941 · 29 events · Nurse A. D. Compton carried most of the health work among Chapel Hill's Black residents from 1924, with her salary paid from tuberculosis-seal money, the town, the Red Cross and Black residents. She visited homes, examined schoolchildren, gave typhoid inoculations and held baby clinics. Her support was often in doubt: by December 1927 the Red Cross could no longer give its share, Black citizens organized a canvass for theirs in 1929, and in 1930 the tuberculosis fund could pledge support only until June. From 1927 a yearly football game, run by the University YMCA, raised money for her. In 1939 she wrote in the Weekly of the change from wells and privies to sewer, town water and clinics. StorylineChapel Hill against billboards and street banners, 1924–19621924–1962 · 9 events · From 1924 to 1962 Chapel Hill's clubwomen, Boy Scouts and aldermen worked to clear billboards and advertising signs from the village and the highways into town. In 1924 the Community Club protested commercial sign-boards, and in 1925 the Boy Scouts took down nearly all the signs on the Durham highway to the county line. Under the 1928 zoning ordinance the board of adjustment ordered every billboard removed by 1930, but the town attorney found the ban invalid. In 1932 the aldermen resolved to help remove billboards at curves. After billboard companies ignored the 1955 zoning ordinance's deadline, the town in 1962 reached an agreement with General Outdoor Advertising to take down its billboards in the suburban zoning district. StorylineThe summer floods of 19241924 · 5 events · Weeks of rain in late June and July 1924 ruined crops across Orange County, and downpours on June 29 and 30 washed out bridges on Morgan Creek, which the county commissioners decided to rebuild higher. On August 3 a cloudburst, the heaviest rain recorded there in 24 hours, sent Morgan and New Hope creeks out of their banks, carried off Purefoy's and King's mills and more county bridges, and left Chapel Hill and the campus without water for several hours. By mid-August the commissioners had let contracts to rebuild the lost bridges. StorylineExtending Chapel Hill's town limits and a new charter, 1924–19271924–1927 · 3 events · In 1924 Chapel Hill's aldermen named a committee to study extending the town limits, which new homes had spread past, and to consider a modern charter. A charter amendment of 1925 enlarged the board to six aldermen with staggered terms. The extension was dropped in 1927, when Town Manager E. M. Knox's survey showed that the services a larger town would need would cost far more than its new taxes. StorylinePaving Chapel Hill’s streets, 1924–19311924–1931 · 18 events · From 1924 owners' petitions for curb, gutter and paving set Chapel Hill on a program of street work paid for by the town, the University and the state. In 1925 the University trustees set aside $35,000 to pave Cameron Avenue, and Ziegler Brothers won contracts for the town's paving of Franklin and Columbia streets, the University's road through the campus and the state's highway toward Morgan Creek. The aldermen passed $80,000 in bonds that September, and in 1926 approved a grass strip down West Franklin Street. In 1928 the town sold $180,000 in bonds on the best terms it had ever had, and in 1931 Cameron Avenue owners were assessed the whole cost of a concrete strip. StorylineBuses between Chapel Hill, Durham and Hillsboro, 1924–19251924–1925 · 6 events · Within a year of the death of C. S. 'Kern' Pendergraft, whom the News called the pioneer bus man of Chapel Hill, the town's buses to Durham passed to a single franchised company. Pendergraft, who died on November 22, 1924, had run a line from Chapel Hill to Durham for 13 years, since 1911 by his advertisements. By June 1925 the Pendergraft Bus Line was running Studebaker cars between Chapel Hill and Hillsboro. By August 7 the Safety Coach Line had bought out the Pendergrafts and the other operators, becoming the only company running between Chapel Hill and Durham. It ran a car every hour under a three-year state franchise and no longer called at homes for passengers. StorylineBuilding the Chapel Hill Methodist church, 1924–19261924–1926 · 6 events · Chapel Hill's Methodists built a new church on Franklin Street in 1925 and 1926, with much of the money coming from conference boards, alumni and friends. In December 1924 their joint commission gave the contract for a church designed by James Gamble Rogers to Jewel and Riddle of Sanford. Members broke ground in January 1925, and presiding elder M. Bradshaw set the cornerstone that April. The red brick church with white trim, replacing the older sanctuary at 150 East Franklin Street, was accepted from the contractors in April 1926 and held its first Sunday service on May 30. That July the long-closed 1853 Methodist church at Rosemary and Henderson streets became an automobile repair station. StorylineBuilding University Lake, 1930–19321930–1932 · 13 events · In October 1930 the creeks supplying the University and Chapel Hill ran low, and J. S. Bennett warned of rationing. A year later laborers began clearing the site of the University's dam on Morgan Creek, a concrete dam designed by T. C. Atwood, 380 feet long and 30 feet high, to flood about 200 acres. H. D. Carter wrote that the work would end the last remains of the mill dam built on the creek by Matthew McCauley. About May 1932 the lake began supplying the University and Chapel Hill, and after a weekend deluge in October it filled for the first time and spilled over the dam. Carter put the dam's cost at $180,000. StorylineEast of Chapel Hill: the Strowd farm, the DuBose estate and Paul Green's Greenwood, 1925–19511925–1951 · 14 events · Between 1925 and 1951 farmland on Chapel Hill's eastern edge became estates and home colonies, beginning with the auction of lots from Robert L. Strowd's farm in April 1925. The realty company that bid in the remaining land went bankrupt, and its receivers auctioned the farm in 1928. In 1931 St. Pierre DuBose of Durham bought 308 acres on the new Nelson-Raleigh highway and built a country house. In 1933 four University economics professors bought 42 acres of the old Strowd farm for a home colony, and Paul Green arranged to buy about 200 acres. In 1938 Green offered lots there as Greenwood, where the illustrator William Meade Prince later lived and worked until his death in 1951. StorylineOrange Methodist Church, 1925–19401925–1940 · 4 events · At a homecoming in June 1925 Orange Church, about three miles north of Chapel Hill, took up a collection on its $800 building debt, and when pledges fell short S. J. Brockwell gave the last $500. In the spring of 1934 members built the Hut, a two-room log building at the edge of the church grove, under Brockwell's direction, for community events and church suppers. In April 1940 Mr. and Mrs. Brockwell, as a surprise gift through the church's two missionary societies, had the church painted inside and out, given electric light fixtures and its seats redone. StorylineScouting in Chapel Hill and Carrboro, 1925–19351925–1935 · 4 events · Chapel Hill hosted what the Weekly called the national council's first patrol leaders' training camp in 1925, when about 125 picked North Carolina Scouts camped on Emerson Field. By 1932 thirty-six men had set up a Chapel Hill district committee under Joseph Hyde Pratt to equip and house the troops of Chapel Hill and Carrboro. In 1933 it reported that the Carrboro troop had grown and had a three-room house, that the Chapel Hill troop had 47 members, and that plans were under way for a troop for Black boys. In December 1935 a new district council sought student leaders for the Carrboro troop and heard a report on the Black troop. StorylineTown and county budgets and tax rates, 1925–19321925–1932 · 16 events · What a Chapel Hill taxpayer paid in town and county taxes together fell from $2.69 on $100 of valuation in 1926 to $2.22 in 1932. In January 1926 the Orange County rate was $1.34, up from 90 cents in 1922, and the aldermen held the town rate at $1.38 through 1928; new state school and highway aid helped lower the county rate in 1929. From July 1, 1931 the state took over Orange's roads, which county accountant G. W. Ray said wiped out the county's 25-cent road tax, and that July the aldermen cut town employees' pay 10 percent. In 1932 the aldermen adopted a smaller town budget and the commissioners set the county rate at 80 cents. StorylineTraffic, parking and the drive against speeding in Chapel Hill, 1925–19581925–1958 · 12 events · By 1925 growing car traffic was crowding Chapel Hill's streets, and for more than thirty years the aldermen answered with new rules on parking and speed. They changed the parking angle, made Franklin Street a through street in 1930, and in 1934, after complaints of cars racing along the main street, put a motorcycle officer on the traffic laws, and 25 or 30 students were soon fined. After a schoolgirl was struck by a student's car, a boys' safety patrol began guarding crossings near the school. In 1956 businesses opened what the News called the town's first customer parking lot, and in 1958 the aldermen backed a plan for about 437 metered spaces downtown. StorylineKenan Memorial Stadium, 1926–19881926–1988 · 12 events · William R. Kenan Jr.'s 1926 gift of $275,000 built Kenan Memorial Stadium in the ravine southwest of the Tin Can, but blasting on the site drew protests. Residents of the south side of the village said the blasts were breaking windows and throwing stones as far as 1,600 feet, and in April 1927 the aldermen authorized the town manager to get expert advice and act to protect the community. Concrete seats went in at 500 a day toward 24,000, and Kenan added $28,000, bringing his gift to $303,000. After a first game against Davidson on November 12, the governor accepted the stadium for the state at the Thanksgiving Day game with Virginia, when the Weekly put the crowd at 28,000. Later work added women's restrooms and student seats in 1979, new lower-section seats in 1986 and, in 1988, a south-side renovation with about 2,100 seats, a press box and lights. StorylineWest Franklin Street paving and its Black homeowners, 1926–19411926–1941 · 15 events · Paving assessments on West Franklin Street threatened Black homeowners with the loss of their houses. The aldermen approved paving in 1926, and the owners were assessed $7.70 a front foot, a charge on each foot of a lot's street frontage. By 1932 Black owners faced tax sales, and in 1933 a Duke University legal aid clinic brought out that their petitions had been circulated by the paving contractor. At 1937 hearings Mrs. J. P. Nesbitt testified that her husband had been told the assessments were meant to get Black residents off the street. A 1939 law, the Weekly said, produced nothing, and in 1941 the aldermen voted bonds to refund the over-assessed owners; the refund list totaled $8,311.85. StorylineThe Chapel Hill school as a University training school, 1926–19271926–1927 · 8 events · A grant that made the Chapel Hill school a training school for the University's school of education ended in protests from parents and the resignation of its superintendent. In 1926 the General Education Board of New York gave $75,000 to make the high school in effect a branch of the school of education, under E. R. Mosher as director of training. In September 1927 the school opened under a new plan of cooperation with the University, with Mosher as superintendent. Parents protested a double session for young pupils and Mosher's circular calling it the training school. The board let parents choose a single session, and in late October Mosher offered his resignation "in the interest of community harmony." StorylineThe old Methodist church at Henderson Street and Rosemary Lane, 1926–19381926–1938 · 3 events · The long-closed 1853 Methodist church at Rosemary and Henderson streets in Chapel Hill found a series of new uses after 1926. That July it became an automobile repair station, the Club Service Motor Co., with a platform built from the rear door to Henderson Street for cars. In December 1934 the American Legion post announced a bargain with Lueco Lloyd to buy the building, once the church of the Rev. Adolphus W. Mangum, and make it a memorial hut, but by March 1935 the post gave up the plan as more than it could pay for. In January 1938 the Orange County Women's Market, a farm women's market, reopened there on Saturdays. StorylineThe new University library, 1926–19291926–1929 · 4 events · In September 1926 the University trustees' executive committee asked the legislature for $861,000 for a new library, the largest item in its building request, and the Weekly called the library the University's first need. After Harry Woodburn Chase's pleading, the 1927 General Assembly provided $625,000, and Robert B. House kept the project on schedule with the Advisory Budget Commission while Chase was abroad. Construction began by March 1928 on the south edge of the campus, and estimates came within the appropriation. Students began using the building in the fall of 1929, and it was dedicated on October 19. Named for librarian Louis Round Wilson in 1956, it later became the home of UNC's special collections. StorylineThe short route to Raleigh: the old Raleigh road, the Nelson road and Route 54, 1925–19291925–1929 · 15 events · Chapel Hill's push for a paved road east toward Raleigh set it against the county commissioners and ended with Route 54. In October 1926 the commissioners voted to borrow $25,000 to surface the old Raleigh road, then rescinded the vote; the Weekly reported that a group of Hillsboro citizens opposed the borrowing. When the State Highway Commission left the road east to Nelson off the state map, Chapel Hill Democrats wrote in Republican John T. Fowler against commissioner McCauley in protest. In 1927, at John Sprunt Hill's request, the commission put the Chapel Hill to Nelson road on the map as a short cut to Raleigh. In July 1929 Route 54 opened west to Graham and east to Nelson. StorylineHamilton and the Southern Historical Collection, 1927–19481927–1948 · 5 events · From 1927 J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton built what became the Southern Historical Collection, a leading repository of manuscripts on the American South. He announced plans that year for what he first called the National Southern Collection, and in 1929 he gave up the headship of the history department to be free of administrative work; the Weekly reported that he had spent weeks travelling the South gathering old books, letters and diaries. After Sarah Graham Kenan gave $25,000 in 1930, the collection became the Southern Historical Collection, with Hamilton as its first director. From 1932 Elizabeth Henderson Cotten worked as his assistant and became its first curator. Hamilton retired by July 1948, after 42 years with the University. StorylineThe Sorrell building theatre: Carolina, Village and Varsity, 1927–19801927–1980 · 10 events · W. B. Sorrell's building on the north side of Franklin Street opened in 1927 with the Carolina Theatre between his optometry shop and Jeff's Campus Confectionery. The theatre became the Village in 1942, when a new Carolina opened across the street, and the Varsity in 1951. After pickets in 1961 it agreed to admit Black University students. Fire gutted it in November 1966, and it reopened in September 1967. StorylineThe women’s legislative program, 19271927 · 3 events · In 1927 the Chapel Hill Community Club urged five bills backed by women's organizations and then asked Orange County's legislators where they stood. The club's legislative committee asked the state women's lobby how the county's legislators had voted on measures including child labor and the Efland school for delinquent Black girls, and in March voted to write each legislator for a statement of his position. Only the child labor bill passed, in modified form, and the legislature added $2,000 for the Efland home instead of taking it over. Senators J. Clyde Ray and William B. Horton replied; Representative A. H. Graham did not answer, the Weekly reported. StorylineThe University's Human Relations Institutes, 1927–19451927–1945 · 3 events · A weeklong institute in March 1927, arranged by Harry F. Comer of the YMCA, brought James Weldon Johnson, executive secretary of the NAACP, and other speakers on race, labor and world affairs to the University. History chair J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton walked out when Howard Odum introduced Johnson as 'Mister Johnson' and protested to Chase, while a Tar Heel editorial welcomed the visit. The third quadrennial Human Relations Institute, in 1935, brought a week of lectures on government, industry, race and religion, and the Weekly called it a great success. Comer's 1945 institute took the theme 'The Prices of Peace,' with Senator J. William Fulbright giving the Weil lectures on America and world organization. StorylineThe failure of the Chapel Hill Insurance and Realty Company, 1927–19301927–1930 · 12 events · When the Chapel Hill Insurance and Realty Company failed on November 2, 1927, with liabilities of $634,000, its receivers set about selling its Chapel Hill and Carrboro properties as land values slumped. They held a first auction that December and sold the insurance department in 1928. Spring auction bids in 1928 were too low to recommend to the court, and later bids for the Strowd farm and four brick stores on Franklin Street also fell short. Sales in 1929 brought prices the Weekly put at about half those of three or four years earlier. By October 1929 the liabilities were down to $121,000 and the stockholders' equity was gone, and in 1930 the receivers expected to be discharged. StorylineStreet trees of Chapel Hill, 1927–19351927–1935 · 3 events · Chapel Hill's aldermen decided in 1927 that the business block would keep its trees, though some merchants wanted it bare. On November 7 they refused a petition from five property owners to remove the trees and, with W. C. Coker's advice, voted to keep the existing ones, replace those already cut and plant new ones in the new sidewalk. At a crowded hearing on November 14 Moody Durham spoke for the merchants, but the board reaffirmed the policy. In late 1935 crews set out 200 willow oaks along the village streets, in what the Weekly called the largest tree-planting in the town's history, with saplings from the University and labor from the WPA. StorylineFire protection after the Pickard Hotel fire, inside and beyond the town limits, 1928–19441928–1944 · 15 events · Chapel Hill's fire protection stopped at the town limits, and for years houses just outside them burned with too little water to fight the fires. In 1929 the town truck stopped at the limits while the house tennis coach J. F. Kenfield rented burned, and in 1932 the aldermen ruled that it could not answer fires outside. In 1934 four children of Tom and Bertha Miller died when their house beyond the village burned with no water line near, and in 1938 Howard W. Odum's house burned outside the limits. In May 1944 a new pumper gave the town two trucks, and the town manager said a plan for protection outside the limits might follow. StorylineChapel Hill’s first airports, 1928–19341928–1934 · 10 events · By June 1928 contractor Charlie Lee Martindale had bought a 50-acre plot north of Chapel Hill from Horace Williams and laid out Martindale Field. Operators carried passengers and gave flying lessons there, and by early June 1929 the runways had been lengthened, six planes were based there, and the Weekly reported the field on the air-trail maps. The local American Legion post painted the town's name on the roof of the Carolina Theatre, and its work was credited in part with helping get the field started. In April 1934, ousted when Martindale gave G. N. Pickell exclusive rights at his field, pilot I. M. Tull opened the University Airport, and Chapel Hill had two airports. StorylineChapel Hill’s first zoning ordinance at work, 1928–19331928–1933 · 5 events · Chapel Hill's first zoning ordinance, adopted unanimously in June 1928, soon shaped decisions about billboards, fraternity houses and apartments. It created residence and business zones and a board of adjustment, and its published text made no reference to race. In 1929 the board of adjustment ordered every billboard removed by 1930 and let the Acacia fraternity, whose house predated the ordinance, build anew in a residential zone. That fall the aldermen refused to rezone Pittsboro Street blocks for fraternity houses and apartments after neighbors said they meant to keep living there. In 1933, after neighbors objected to apartments in the former Acacia house, the aldermen forbade building or converting apartment houses in the Residence A zones. StorylineChapel Hill's recorder's court, 1928–19641928–1964 · 9 events · Chapel Hill's recorder's court, which voters approved 93 to 8 in 1929, tried the township's misdemeanors in town. At its first session, on June 3, 1929, with C. P. Hinshaw on the bench, six cases were tried, and by March 1931 it had tried 780, only five of them appealed, while Superior Court terms at Hillsboro shrank from about five days to three. From 1931 town voters elected the judge, and in 1937 more than 200 residents petitioned to keep that election. In 1947 it sentenced Joseph Felmet to the county roads on the bus seating charge. In 1964 L. J. Phipps, first its judge in 1933, returned to the bench. StorylineOrange County in the 1928 election and the new county board, 1928–19291928–1929 · 8 events · Herbert Hoover carried Orange County over Alfred E. Smith in November 1928, 2,564 to 1,800, though Chapel Hill went for Smith and Carrboro for Hoover. When the defeated Republican congressional candidate, Junius Harden, charged that hundreds of students had voted illegally in Chapel Hill, officials of both parties said the student voters were legally qualified. W. T. Sloan was elected sheriff, and for the first time, the Weekly noted, all three county commissioners came from the Chapel Hill end of the county. Chairman George Johnston, sworn in at his bedside, resigned because of illness; John Hanner, appointed in his place, became chairman in January 1929, and Johnston died on January 13. StorylineStudents win and keep the vote in Orange County, 1971–19801971–1980 · 58 events · After a 1971 federal ruling struck down the state's one-year residency rule and 18-year-olds won the vote, the Orange County elections board decided that UNC students would be registered like any other residents. Registration drives followed, though the board twice refused a registrar on campus, and by April 1972 about 4,500 students were among the county's 24,000 voters. In 1973 Chapel Hill's student precincts were split, a student ran the Country Club precinct, and a UNC law student was elected to the Board of Aldermen. From 1977 the conservative Orange Committee tried to purge students from the county's rolls. A 1978 Superior Court order to strike them was stayed on appeal, few of the committee's more than 6,300 challenges held up at the polls, and in February 1979 the state Supreme Court ruled that students could make their college town their legal home. In 1980 the elections board held registration in the Carolina Union, and on the last day before the November election 1,061 people registered, by a Democratic Party count the most in a single day. StorylineAmateur theatre outside the Playmakers, 1929–19331929–1933 · 4 events · Alongside the Carolina Playmakers, faculty families, Hillsboro residents and Chapel Hill children formed their own theatre groups between 1929 and 1933. About 1929 drama professor Preston Farrar built a house on Laurel Hill Road with indoor and outdoor stages, and in November 1931 a community dramatic club, mostly faculty members and their wives, formed there, planning to read a modern play each month. In January 1932 a play-producing group for Hillsboro was launched in Clem Strudwick's studio, with Frederick H. Koch and Irene Fussler advising. That April Harry E. Davis, the Playmakers' technical director, staged his own Cinderella with about 35 children, and the cast organized as the Junior Playmakers, who gave plays for child audiences into 1933. StorylineChapel Hill's town attorneys, 1929–19851929–1985 · 7 events · In 1929 Chapel Hill's town attorney found the zoning ordinance's billboard ban invalid, and in 1937 the mayor broke a tie to elect C. P. Hinshaw, who served until 1951. Emery B. Denny Jr. was town attorney from 1967 until his death in 1982, and in 1983 the Town Council named Grainger Barrett, whom the Daily Tar Heel called the first to hold the post full time. Barrett resigned in 1985, after arguing the town's side in the Oxford Hills zoning suit and advising on Rosemary Square. StorylineRelief in Orange County as the Depression deepens, 1929–19331929–1933 · 47 events · When the Depression began, Orange County had no health department, no public health nurse and no hospital of its own, and welfare superintendent George H. Lawrence's list of families in dire need grew from 30 to about 60 by December 1929. The commissioners matched private gifts for an emergency health fund, and the Kiwanis Club, the King's Daughters and the Daily Tar Heel took up relief. In 1930 the county said its funds could not meet emergency relief, and Chapel Hill set up an unemployment committee under Howard W. Odum. In September 1932 the commissioners, short of money, cut off county relief to every family with an able-bodied man, and federal relief allotments began that October. StorylineThe Mary Bayley Pratt Children's Library, 1929–19401929–1940 · 8 events · Chapel Hill's children's library began in the spring of 1929 with citizens' gifts and kept going on memberships and gifts as its appropriation fell. That October it moved into a basement room of the Chapel Hill school as the Mary Bayley Pratt Memorial Library. William Bayley, brother of the late Mrs. Joseph Hyde Pratt, and his family gave $1,500 toward a permanent endowment, and in the year to June 1931 the library lent 17,181 books. With its appropriation down to $94.61 in 1933-34, it cut its yearly membership fee from $5 to $1. In the spring of 1940 a campaign brought in more than $185 from 822 contributors, some children giving their weekly allowances. StorylineThe Franklin Street vending ban, 1970–19741970–1974 · 14 events · In June 1970 Chapel Hill banned selling on its streets and sidewalks except by the flower ladies, the Black women who had sold flowers on Franklin Street since about 1950. Young vendors organized and kept selling, and in June 1971 a judge struck the ordinance down as discriminatory. The aldermen answered by banning all street vending, flower ladies included, and the flower ladies moved into an alley off Franklin Street. Vendors came back on rented private space in 1972, and in 1974 the board refused to let them return to the sidewalks. StorylineOld Memorial Hall condemned and replaced, 1929–19311929–1931 · 9 events · In 1929 University architect Thomas C. Atwood found the bases of Memorial Hall's wooden roof arches rotted to powder and warned that the building could fall at any minute. President Harry Woodburn Chase had closed it that fall over a bulge in its slate roof. In January 1930 the trustees voted to replace it on the same site, and the old hall was torn down in February. The new Colonial Revival hall stood by early 1931. Chase had found the money within University accounts, helped by a gift from John Sprunt Hill, but none was left to furnish it, and guests at the October 1931 dedication sat on scarred benches saved from the old hall. StorylineChapel Hill’s business failures, 19301930 · 7 events · Chapel Hill's merchants went through a run of failures in early 1930. In January receivers were appointed for the Patterson Brothers drugstore, which the Weekly later counted the first of the village's mercantile failures that year. In February the Moore-Johnson Hardware Company filed in voluntary bankruptcy and closed, and the merchant S. Berman was put in the hands of a receiver; the Weekly blamed the collapse of real estate values. After the bank cashier M. E. Hogan warned that local business was 'in a bad way,' the Rotary and Kiwanis clubs urged people to buy from home merchants. By May new businesses had opened in the empty hardware store and the old cafeteria space. StorylineThe University’s hard year and the choice of Frank Graham, 19301930 · 6 events · In 1930 the University lost its president and two faculty members and had its budget cut 20 percent before the trustees chose Frank Porter Graham to lead it. Harry Woodburn Chase left for the University of Illinois, and Dean Addison Hibbard left for Northwestern, a loss the Weekly put down to larger salaries and pensions elsewhere, and Howard Mumford Jones left for Michigan. The trustees named a committee to gather facts and lay names before the board, not to nominate one man. On June 9 they voted without nominations. R. D. W. Connor led the first ballot, but Graham took a majority on the fourth. Brought in from a walk, Graham asked that Connor be chosen instead, then accepted. StorylineChapel Hill hears the textile labor debate, 19301930 · 3 events · In February 1930 Chapel Hill heard both sides of the debate over unions for textile workers. On February 3 Bernard M. Cone told a full Bingham Hall audience that mill earnings were too low to raise wages and that he opposed unionization. On February 16 the state's Sunday papers ran Frank Porter Graham's Industrial Bill of Rights, circulated in answer to the 1929 Gastonia strike deaths, which upheld the right to organize and bargain collectively. On February 26 William Green of the American Federation of Labor said the owners, having refused unions, had brought the industry near collapse. In mid-April Graham made his statement the theme of an address, ignoring advice to soften it. StorylineGas comes to Chapel Hill, 19301930 · 5 events · Gas service came to Chapel Hill in 1930 on condition that enough households signed up for it. In April the aldermen voted to let the Durham Gas Company lay a main from Durham and pipes under the town's streets if it could sign up 275 to 300 customers, at Durham's rates. In May, after a count of pledged households, the company declared service assured and soon opened an office on East Franklin Street. Its ditchers reached Chapel Hill in June, when about 300 families had signed for gas. On July 10 the gas was turned on, first at the Friendly Cafeteria on Franklin Street and then for a two-day cooking school at the Baptist church. StorylineBaby clinics and the Junior Service League, 1930–19471930–1947 · 10 events · Free monthly clinics for babies, held separately for Black and white children, were opened by Chapel Hill's Junior Service League in 1940 and moved into the new Carrboro Health Center in 1947. An earlier clinic for Black babies had run for several weeks at Rock Hill Baptist Church in 1930. With the district health department, the League held clinics for children under two, for Black babies at the Orange County Training School and for white babies at the Carrboro school. It also began a free training school for Black household workers, with an employment agency. Dr. Robert Barrett Lawson and later Dr. Beryl Mason attended the clinics, and by 1944 Hillsborough had separate clinics of its own. StorylineLowering the Franklin Street sidewalk and the Texaco corner, 1930–19311930–1931 · 4 events · Lowering the sidewalk for a Texas Company service station on the southeast corner of Franklin and Columbia streets meant cutting the old elms along that stretch, nine on Franklin Street and four on Columbia by the Weekly's count. The aldermen agreed in July 1930 on condition that a planting strip be kept for new trees under W. C. Coker's direction, and the elms came down at the end of August. The sidewalk was regraded and paved at the abutting owners' expense. The Weekly called the station recently built by late January 1931, and by February 27 sixteen sugar maples had been set out on the south side of Franklin Street. StorylineOrange County's property revaluations, 1930–19631930–1963 · 13 events · Orange County passed over a general revaluation of property for taxes in 1937 and postponed one in 1945, and when it hired professional appraisers, the county's valuation rose by about 89 percent. Assessors were appointed in 1930 for a 1931 revaluation. In 1937 the commissioners chose a review of the tax lists instead of a general revaluation, and in 1945 the wartime labor shortage postponed another. In 1947 a board of assessors inspected nearly every tract, and the valuation was raised. In 1952 the commissioners hired the J. M. Cleminshaw Company to revalue all property at market value, and some 40 citizens protested its values in 1954. In 1963 Associated Surveys of Greensboro began the next ten-year revaluation. StorylineThe Morehead-Patterson bell tower, 1930–19311930–1931 · 4 events · John Motley Morehead III had proposed a tower to President Harry Woodburn Chase in the 1920s and been turned down on three sites before the Morehead-Patterson tower rose in 1931. By December 1930 Morehead had arranged for a chime of twelve bells modeled on the one at West Point, and McKim, Mead and White were drawing the plans. In September 1931 the bell founder Chester Meneely adjusted the chime while the village listened, and the clock began striking the hours day and night; the Weekly reported that some residents wanted the night strokes stopped. The tower, given by Morehead and Rufus Lenoir Patterson II, was dedicated on Thanksgiving Day 1931. StorylineThe Movie Guild and Sunday movies in Chapel Hill, 1931–19371931–1937 · 4 events · Sunday movies in Chapel Hill ran for years as charity benefits under an informal understanding before the aldermen legalized them in 1937. By January 1931 a Movie Guild with Paul Green as president was showing educational and artistic films to members on Sunday afternoons at the Carolina Theatre for local charities. In 1935 its directors gave one Sunday show's proceeds toward the American Legion post's log hut and added a Sunday night picture after church services, and they reported money spent on relief, school lunches and other needs. The 1937 rules allowed Sunday shows outside the evening church hour and required the Guild to report its receipts and spending each year. StorylineConsolidating the University, 1931–19361931–1936 · 17 events · In 1931 the legislature merged the University, State College and the North Carolina College for Women into one University of North Carolina, and by 1936 the trustees had divided the work among the three campuses. They put the schools under one president, electing Frank P. Graham in November 1932, and in 1934 provided a dean of administration at each unit. In June 1935 they voted 58 to 11 for Graham's plan to combine the engineering schools at State College, move its science and business work to Chapel Hill and center graduate work there. In 1936 the University faculty voted 80 to 19 to send the trustees resolutions against moving the engineering school, but the trustees refused to reconsider. StorylineAdult literacy classes in Orange County, 1931–19391931–1939 · 5 events · In 1939 the county's adult education council counted 530 white and 1,106 Black adults in Orange who could not read and write, and night classes had been working to reach them since 1931. They grew from a two-week course in Chapel Hill in July 1931, taught by Eva Edgerton of the High Point night schools, whose students started the Carrboro Night School for Adults. In the year to December 1939 the council held classes for 637 adult students in Carrboro, the McFarland community and around Hillsborough. By November 1939 Black adults met weekly at Rock Hill Baptist Church, taught by volunteers from the Orange County Training School, though the congregation had no money to heat the building. StorylineWater for the towns: University Lake, the 1976–77 drought, and OWASA1932–1977 · 332 events · The University dammed Morgan Creek in 1932 to create University Lake. Droughts in 1968 and 1976–77 forced rationing and purchases from Durham, and on February 16, 1977 the Orange Water and Sewer Authority, organized by the county and both towns, took over the university and town systems. A long fight over a Cane Creek reservoir followed. StorylineThe North Carolina Symphony in Chapel Hill, 1932–19741932–1974 · 8 events · Founded in Chapel Hill in 1932 as the start of a planned full-time state orchestra, the North Carolina Symphony folded for lack of money and was revived under Benjamin Swalin. Backers of Lamar Stringfield's plan formed the North Carolina Symphony Society in President Frank Porter Graham's office, and fifty-three musicians played its opening concert in Hill Music Hall under Stringfield. In 1934 a federal relief grant brought about forty musicians to Chapel Hill for summer concerts. After the orchestra folded, a 1939 meeting set out to revive it with Swalin as conductor. In 1946, after an expansion campaign let Swalin hire professional players, the Daily Tar Heel's critic called it the most capable musical organization then playing in the state. A 1966 Ford Foundation grant aimed to make it a full-time orchestra, and in 1974 its board voted to move it from Chapel Hill to Raleigh. StorylineThe University and Duke library partnership, 1932–19361932–1936 · 3 events · In May 1932 President Frank P. Graham announced a gift of $30,000 from the General Education Board to the University library, to buy printed catalogues of the great libraries, national and subject bibliographies and equipment, the basic tools the library wanted for a strong graduate school. By May 4, 1934 the Board had granted $12,500 to the libraries of the University of North Carolina and Duke University to duplicate their catalogs, so that each library would hold a catalog of the other's books. By February 14, 1936 the General Education Board of New York had given the two universities $50,000, divided equally, to build research collections in the biological, physical and social sciences and English literature. The money was spent under a cooperative plan that avoided duplicate purchases. By then the two libraries shared borrowing privileges, a daily delivery service and copies of each other's card catalogs. StorylineRural electrification and Piedmont Electric, 1933–19641933–1964 · 40 events · Rural power in Orange County began in 1933 with a three-mile federally funded line from Chapel Hill to Calvander, carried on to Orange Grove with farmers' donations. The Piedmont Electric Membership Corporation, a cooperative formed under the Rural Electrification Administration, was incorporated in 1938 and energized its first lines from a Hillsborough substation in 1939. It took bids for 150 miles of new lines in 1945, had 1,271 members in 1947, when its manager reckoned that 65 percent of Orange farms had electricity, and built its Hillsborough headquarters in 1949 with an REA loan; by 1953 it ran about 1,100 miles of line. At its silver anniversary meeting in June 1964 Piedmont Electric reported 6,300 members in six counties, against 356 in three counties in 1939. StorylineThe 1933 bank holiday in Orange County1933 · 3 events · The March 1933 bank holiday left University students unable to get cash, and the University and Chapel Hill merchants made allowances. The Bank of Chapel Hill closed on March 6 and 7 under the national and state orders, and President Graham postponed the University's recess because students could not get cash to travel home and back. Students were allowed to register without paying fees at once, and merchants kept accepting checks and giving credit. The bank reopened for limited business on March 8, and when full banking resumed on March 15 deposits far exceeded withdrawals. In April, with the Carrboro mills idle, the bank closed its Bank of Carrboro branch and moved the accounts to the parent bank. StorylineDesegregating the University of North Carolina, 1933–19551933–1955 · 27 events · In 1933 Thomas Raymond Hocutt, a 24-year-old Black man from Durham, went to court to compel Dean of Admissions Thomas J. Wilson Jr. to admit him to the University's school of pharmacy; Judge M. V. Barnhill denied the writ of mandamus on March 28, and the Weekly noted that no state school for Black students taught pharmacy or law. On December 14, 1938 Dean W. W. Pierson rejected Pauli Murray's application to the graduate school because of her race, and her appeals to President Frank Porter Graham became national news. After a 1951 federal court decision in McKissick v. Carmichael, five Black students began law school classes at UNC on June 22, 1951. In September 1955, again under court order, LeRoy and Ralph Frasier and John Lewis Brandon of Durham registered as the university's first Black undergraduates. StorylineChapel Hill’s Dogwood Festival, 1933–19351933–1935 · 5 events · Begun in April 1933 in the Forest Theatre with fiddlers and ballad singers, and more than 1,500 North Carolina crafts shown in the Graham Memorial, the Dogwood Festival paid its expenses from 25-cent admissions and was held again in 1934 and 1935. By 1934 the state had chartered it as a non-stock corporation to promote folk music, drama, dancing, crafts and the protection of native dogwoods, with Russell M. Grumman as president. The second festival brought more than 100 unpaid performers and exhibitors, from Ashe County musicians to the Jugtown potters. The third included a Cherokee ball game that, the Weekly reported, filled the stands at Emerson Field, and a state Scout Jubilee that brought about 1,600 Boy Scouts. StorylineBeer, repeal and the 1933 liquor vote1933 · 5 events · In 1933 Chapel Hill and Orange County split over alcohol. Restaurants in Chapel Hill, where a law had barred alcohol within four miles of the University since the early 1800s, began selling legal beer on May 1, and the county issued 18 retail beer licenses, 10 of them in Chapel Hill. That fall advocates of repealing the 18th Amendment nominated Collier Cobb Jr. for Orange's one seat in the state convention, and the dry forces named J. J. Ward. On November 7 Orange voted 1,169 to 807 against a convention. Chapel Hill was the only precinct for repeal, while Carrboro voted heavily against. The state went dry by a wide margin, so the convention was never held. StorylineChapel Hill town elections, 1933–19491933–1949 · 10 events · On May 2, 1933 former town manager John Foushee was elected mayor of Chapel Hill over Mayor Zeb P. Council and B. J. Howard, and he was returned in 1935, 1937, 1939 and 1941, twice without opposition. In May 1942 he said he would resign because he was moving to his farm outside the town limits, and on July 8 the aldermen unanimously elected R. W. Madry, director of the University news bureau, as mayor. The Weekly believed no one in the University's service had headed the town government before. No one filed against Madry in 1943. On May 3, 1949 Edwin S. Lanier defeated him 811 to 589, ending his seven years as mayor. StorylineChapel Hill and the 1933 school law: the special district and the ninth month1933 · 9 events · Under the 1933 school machinery act, Chapel Hill's former charter school board asked that its old district become a city unit so that its voters could tax themselves to supplement the state's eight-month term. The State School Commission ruled that such a unit needed a school population of 1,500 and agreed to make Chapel Hill a special district if the country north of Bolin Creek were added. The board set a tax of 18.5 cents on $100 to raise teachers' pay and add a ninth month. When Black registrants complained that the registrar had spoken against the tax while enrolling voters, he resigned. On October 12 the district cast 729 votes for the levy against a registration of 1,239. StorylineThe New Deal in Orange County, 1933–19361933–1936 · 25 events · Families asking relief in Orange County peaked at 900 in March 1933; from that summer federal programs reached the county, which had to share their cost. George H. Lawrence ran Civil Works projects that by December 1 employed more than 200 men, and 851 Orange farmers were under federal AAA contracts. Cuts in relief money halted work projects in 1934 and 1935, and Orange was merged into a five-county relief district run from Durham. The Works Progress Administration then gave jobs to all but 24 of the families on the old relief list. By December 1936 Lawrence said any able-bodied man who tried could get work, and the need that remained was among widows, orphans, the old and the sick. StorylineThe Civil Works Administration in Orange County, 1933–19341933–1934 · 12 events · In November 1933 the county relief director, George H. Lawrence, took charge of the new Civil Works Administration in Orange County, and by December 1 more than 200 men were at work on University and other projects. Crews rebuilt Hillsborough's courthouse square with stone from the old jail, began the Confederate Memorial Library, worked on Chapel Hill's streets and sidewalks, straightened Bolin's Creek and painted county schools. In February 1934 orders from Raleigh cut the county's force from 766 to 375 in nine days, dropping county road and school projects. On March 31 the Civil Works Administration went out of existence, leaving Lawrence only a few relief men to keep Chapel Hill's streets and the University's rebuilt tennis courts going. StorylineThe University’s new athletic field, 1933–19361933–1936 · 5 events · Men from Orange County's relief rolls did nearly all the work on the University's new athletic field, and the project stopped when relief money ran out. By January 1934 Civil Works crews had cleared and largely graded a 15-acre tract along the Raleigh highway. Work resumed in January 1935 with a special Emergency Relief fund, but on February 13 an order from Raleigh stopped every Emergency Relief work project in the county. By late March the track curbing was in place, and by mid-July 1935 the field was all but done, with concrete stands for about 6,800. On May 9, 1936 the University dedicated it as Fetzer Field, for its athletic director of fifteen years. StorylineHard-surfacing Chapel Hill’s streets with federal labor, 1934–19351934–1935 · 10 events · Federal work-relief labor hard-surfaced Chapel Hill's streets in 1934, adding about three and a quarter miles of paved streets. By April 20 relief officials had approved surfacing 76,500 square yards with tar and crushed stone. The government paid about three fourths of the cost; because the Local Government Commission would not let the town borrow for its share, the aldermen raised the tax rate from $1.04 to $1.32. In January 1935, after the Weekly wrote that Black residents had not been fairly treated in the care of streets, the town widened and graveled Church Street, the main street of the Black section. On February 13 an order from Raleigh stopped the relief work. StorylinePerson Hall becomes the University’s art museum, 1933–19371933–1937 · 5 events · Turning old Person Hall, once a chapel and later the home of medicine, chemistry, pharmacy and music, into the University's art gallery depended on relief money that started and stopped. Work began in early 1934 with a federal allotment to be matched by friends of the University led by Katherine Pendleton Arrington, then halted for months with the building a roofless shell. A special relief grant let the University resume that September, and by December the Weekly already spoke of the hall as an art museum, though it was not finished. Emergency Relief Administration money closed it in during 1935, work went on through 1936, and the Person Hall Art Gallery opened on January 15, 1937. StorylineThe American Legion's hut, 1934–19441934–1944 · 5 events · The Chapel Hill post of the American Legion first planned to make the old Methodist church into its memorial hut, then built a log hut on Rosemary Lane. In December 1934 the post announced a bargain to buy the church for $3,750, but by March 1935 it had given up the plan, finding the work would cost more than it could raise. It then planned a log hut on a Rosemary Lane lot from trees given by country members. Legionnaires did much of the building, and a crew of Black masons filled the cracks between the logs. The first meeting in the hut came on March 19, 1937, and in 1944 the post burned the mortgage. StorylineChapel Hill women's peace organizing, 1935–19391935–1939 · 3 events · In September 1939, with war in Europe, Chapel Hill women organized to keep the United States out of it. The Chapel Hill branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, founded in 1935 by Charlotte Adams, sent Congressman Carl Durham a letter urging him to keep the arms embargo, put basic war materials on a cash-and-carry basis and hold war trade to peacetime levels, answering his statement that most people he had talked with favored repeal. That month other Chapel Hill women formed Mothers for Peace, with no dues, political aims or affiliations, and called on women across the country to write the President and their members of Congress and to fight war propaganda. StorylineFounding the University's public health program, 1935–19401935–1940 · 5 events · At State Health Officer Carl Reynolds's urging, medical school dean Charles Mangum reached out to Milton J. Rosenau of Harvard. Under a December 13, 1935 agreement among the university, the State Board of Health and the Public Health Service, the medical school opened a Division of Public Health under Rosenau as the training center for an eight-state sanitary district. In the summer of 1936 Herman G. Baity joined the division as professor of sanitary engineering, and forty-six students enrolled that fall. The division became the School of Public Health in 1940, and that year Rosenau offered the headship of a new Department of Public Health Nursing to Ruth Hay. StorylineWoollen Gymnasium, the Bowman Gray Pool and the first women’s dormitories, 1935–19411935–1941 · 12 events · Once the state supreme court settled the legal questions in 1935, the University won a Public Works Administration grant of $283,000 toward a physical education building with a swimming pool and a dormitory for graduate women, meeting its own share with a self-supporting bond issue and gifts. The dormitory, later named for Edwin Alderman, was occupied by September 1937. The gymnasium was presented to the University in March 1938, its pool the gift of Mrs. Nathalie Gray and her sons in memory of Bowman Gray, and the trustees named the building for Charles T. Woollen, who had advocated for it. Two more women's dormitories opened in 1939, and by August 1941 the University had six dormitories for women. StorylineThe Hospital Saving Association, 1935–19511935–1951 · 4 events · The Hospital Saving Association of North Carolina, known as the Chapel Hill Blue Cross plan, grew out of a 1933-1934 study of hospital care for people of small means. Incorporated in March 1935 with Dr. Isaac H. Manning, the longtime medical dean, as president, it set up headquarters in the South Building and began enrolling members in 1936. By 1938 membership was near 60,000. That April it was among the first hospital insurance plans approved under the American Hospital Association's new standards, and the only approved plan in the state. In 1951 it moved to large new quarters on West Franklin Street, and by the late 1960s it had become Blue Cross and Blue Shield. StorylineBlack civic clubs and the Chapel Hill town board, 1935–19561935–1956 · 6 events · From 1935 to 1956 Black civic clubs in Chapel Hill took their neighborhoods' needs to the town board and, later, the school board. In July 1935 Black representatives asked the aldermen for more police protection on West Franklin and West Rosemary streets. In 1946 Adolphus Clark asked for sewer service, drainage, street markings and a light on Sunset Drive; the board ordered the light, markings and drainage but said sewer lines had to wait. Requests for sidewalks, traffic lights and sewer pipe followed in 1950, and in 1952 the club reported 344 children crossing West Franklin Street each day. In 1956 a club petitioned for a Black member on the school board, which named druggist William L. Sloan instead. StorylineOrange County’s PWA school building program, 1935–19361935–1936 · 29 events · In 1935 Orange County sought Public Works Administration money for school buildings, with the government to grant 45 per cent, and the size of the county's own share decided how much got built. A $471,000 application was approved, but the commissioners limited the county's share to $150,000, cutting the program to $272,000. When bids ran above estimates they raised the share to $190,000 and cut the new Hillsboro school for Black children and the Training School addition. The school board kept the Training School on its site despite a petition from some of Chapel Hill's Black residents. By May 1936 ten projects were under way, and the new Chapel Hill high school opened in October 1936. StorylineThe Institute of Government’s building, 1935–19391935–1939 · 6 events · Albert Coates's first plan for an Institute of Government building collapsed when the Public Works Administration rescinded its grant in the summer of 1936. The University trustees had offered a site south of the Carolina Inn in 1935, and Coates had won extensions and let a contract, but the promised materials and cash never fully came through. With the campus site no longer available, he arranged to buy lots on the north side of Franklin Street facing Graham Memorial and borrowed to clear them in 1938. A gift from Will Reynolds paid for the land, gifts from Gordon and Bowman Gray covered half the building's cost, and Jefferson Standard Life lent the rest. The building opened in November 1939. StorylineChapel Hill's most valuable citizen award, 1935–19421935–1942 · 5 events · From 1935 the Carolina Theatre gave an annual trophy to Chapel Hill's most valuable citizen, chosen by a committee. The first winner, Mrs. R. B. Lawson, was cited for years of aid to the poor through the King's Daughters and volunteer relief work. Automobile dealer Bruce Strowd won in 1937 for his work for the town's schoolchildren, and on unemployment and the county welfare board. Harry F. Comer of the University YMCA won for 1938, and R. M. Grumman of the University extension division and Mrs. Grumman, until recently a librarian and teacher at the Carrboro school, in 1939. In January 1942 the trophy, then given by the Carolina and Pick theatres, went to Mrs. Robert H. Wettach. StorylineThe hard winter of 1935–19361935–1936 · 3 events · Chapel Hill had not had so cold a winter since 1899, said Clyde Eubanks, who kept the town's weather records, and by February 1936 snow and sickness had put off University events and closed the Chapel Hill school. Snow and ice lay on the ground almost without a break from just before Christmas 1935, and on January 28 the thermometer near Phillips Hall read 6 degrees above zero. The heaviest of six snows, beginning February 6, left about a foot. On February 11, in what Dean Robert B. House called a mild epidemic of colds, the University postponed Parents' Day, the midwinter dances and the week's athletic events, and the school closed on February 13 and 14. StorylineThe Graham Plan dispute, 19361936 · 2 events · President Frank P. Graham proposed new eligibility rules for the Southern Conference, signed by six conference presidents, that barred aid to athletes as athletes and required every candidate to disclose his sources of support. On January 31, 1936 the University trustees, meeting in Raleigh, referred the rules to the faculties of the University and State College with power to act. On February 4 the Chapel Hill faculty met for four hours and voted 80 to 40, by secret ballot, to approve them. Carl Snavely did not see eye to eye with Graham, whose Graham Plan would have reduced the place of big-time football at the University and across the Southern Conference. Snavely resigned in March 1936. Early on the morning of April 3 he left Chapel Hill to become head coach at Cornell University. StorylineChapel Hill's bus service and bus stations, 1936–19461936–1946 · 4 events · Chapel Hill's bus service went from a station on Rosemary Lane, through a contest between two lines, to a Colonial-style station on West Franklin Street held up by wartime shortages. In 1936 Carolina Coach Company moved the town's station to Rosemary Lane and Columbia Street, running ten round trips a day to Durham. In December 1942 Carolina Coach and the Virginia Stage Lines explained rival applications to run through Hillsboro and Yanceyville, and about fifty citizens petitioned for the Virginia line. By 1945 Carolina Coach had bought a lot at West Franklin and Kenan streets and promised a Colonial-style station, as the town planning commission wished, once wartime priorities for materials came through. It built the station in 1946. StorylineOrange County’s elections of 1936, 1938 and 19401936–1940 · 10 events · In the 1936 Democratic primary for governor Orange County stood by its native son, A. H. (Sandy) Graham, giving him 2,754 votes to 817 for Ralph McDonald and 230 for Clyde Hoey. In the July runoff the county went for Hoey, and B. J. Howard of Chapel Hill won the runoff for the state House. In 1938 Carl T. Durham became the Democratic nominee for Congress, the county executive committee voted 7 to 6 for Collier Cobb Jr. to take Durham's place on the commissioners ticket, and every Democrat on the county ticket won by a wide margin. In 1940 three Chapel Hill candidates entered the Democratic primary for the House, and the election board chose to re-list voters. StorylineChapel Hill’s PWA sewers, incinerator and streets, 1936–19371936–1937 · 7 events · In October 1936 Washington approved a $21,000 Public Works Administration grant, 45 per cent of a $47,000 Chapel Hill project, and the aldermen agreed to raise the town's share by bonds, which sold at the lowest rate Chapel Hill had ever borrowed at. The project called for sewer lines and a pumping station serving 21 homes, a 30-ton incinerator, and hard surfacing of most remaining dirt streets. The incinerator went into use in June 1937, and a tentative budget raised the town rate, mostly for debt service. By July 30 the town had let a contract to surface about 30,000 square yards of streets, among them Church Street through the Black neighborhood. StorylineSocial Security comes to Orange County, 1937–19381937–1938 · 12 events · The new state social security law brought Orange County its first old-age assistance checks in 1937, and a higher county tax rate to pay for them. The law required a full-time welfare superintendent in every county, and W. T. Mattox succeeded George H. Lawrence, who would not leave the University faculty. The new Board of Public Welfare, with C. A. McDade as a Black member, announced that old-age assistance would go only to those in need. The county budget added a welfare fund that included federal and state money, and in August the county delivered its first checks, to 29 people, and raised its tax rate 7 cents for the new payments, the Weekly reported. StorylineThe University’s medical building, 1937–19391937–1939 · 6 events · Between 1937 and 1939 the University built a new building for its school of medicine and Division of Public Health, with state money and a Public Works Administration grant. William de Berniere MacNider became dean of the medical school in 1937, and that summer a site was chosen near the junction of the Pittsboro and Raleigh roads and Washington announced a grant of $185,000. The school of medicine moved in at the start of the fall quarter of 1939, and the Division of Public Health admitted fourteen graduate students to its master of public health course. The building, formally opened that December, cost $428,000 and was named for MacNider. StorylineChapel Hill’s Franklin Street post office, 1937–19841937–1984 · 16 events · Chapel Hill's new federal post office went up in two halves on its old site at Franklin and Henderson streets so that the post office could keep working. The Treasury let the contract to L. B. Gallimore of Greensboro in July 1937. A steam shovel dug the foundations, the big pecan tree at its rear was cut down, and the Weekly reported crowds watching at the edge of the hole. Postal workers moved into the new rear section early in 1938 while the front was built, and the finished building began full operation on July 5, 1938. In 1941 Dean Cornwell hung his mural of William R. Davie laying the cornerstone of Old East in the lobby. In 1979 the town bought the building for the district court, and the post office stayed on as its tenant. The district court moved in in 1981. In 1983 the town remodeled the front and approved a teen center in the basement, which volunteers began building in 1984. StorylineCurb markets and community canneries, 1937–19611937–1961 · 17 events · Orange County farm women opened a curb market in Carrboro in September 1937 with the county home demonstration agent and moved it to Chapel Hill the next January. Government-sponsored community canneries, where families came to can meats and vegetables, opened at White Cross in 1943 and at the Hillsborough school in 1944. The women's market's sellers took in $30,280 in its seventh year and $40,004 in its eighth, and in May 1945 Black farm families opened the Orange County Negro Curb Market on Franklin Street in Chapel Hill. Another cannery was being finished at Aycock School in 1947. The Chapel Hill women's market, in the old church building on North Columbia Street by 1954, marked its twentieth anniversary in October 1957. In August 1961 the market's 16 sellers from the county home demonstration clubs moved into a new block building beside Brady McLennan's Durham Road restaurant. StorylineChapel Hill’s street bonds and the state streets, 1937–19411937–1941 · 5 events · Chapel Hill surfaced its dirt streets between 1937 and 1941 with a PWA project, bonds the voters approved and help from the State Highway Commission. In September 1937 a contractor began laying asphalt on about twenty dirt streets, the last part of the PWA project. That October the State Local Government Commission, said street bonds needed a vote, and the Weekly explained that owners who had petitioned for curb and gutter would repay about $13,000. Voters approved the bonds 273 to 5. In 1941 they approved more street bonds, sold at what the Weekly called the lowest rate on record, and the state agreed to surface unpaved stretches of Church Street, which ran through the Black neighborhood. StorylineCarolina Political Union speakers, 1937–19381937–1938 · 3 events · A student organization, the Carolina Political Union, brought the national head of the Ku Klux Klan and the Soviet and German ambassadors to Memorial Hall in 1937 and 1938. In November 1937 Hiram W. Evans of the Klan spoke to about 1,000 people; the Weekly reported that he pictured the Klan as opposed to violence, and hecklers, among them faculty members, attacked him and were applauded. In February 1938 Soviet ambassador Alexander Troyanovsky drew a packed hall and, the Weekly reported, a laugh with his plain answer about the trials of former Soviet officials. On February 16 German ambassador Hans Dieckhoff reviewed what he called the injustices of the Treaty of Versailles and took questions only on foreign policy. StorylineChapel Hill’s 1938 town hall and its later uses, 1938–19891938–1989 · 18 events · Chapel Hill built a new town hall in 1938 and 1939 with Public Works Administration money and town bonds, gaining a jail, fire and police quarters, offices and a courtroom under one roof. In June 1938 the PWA allotted $17,550, 45 per cent of the estimated cost, and the aldermen called a vote on up to $24,000 in bonds, which passed 211 to 27 in July. In August the general contract was let, and a few strokes of a pick met the PWA's starting deadline. The recorder's court first sat there in March 1939, Mayor John M. Foushee accepted the building at its April dedication, and the old firehouse and jail were torn down by July. Most of it went to the police when the town offices moved to a new Municipal Center in 1971. In 1981, as the town weighed selling or leasing the old police building, residents at a hearing agreed it should not be sold, and in 1989 it was leased to the Interfaith Council for a homeless shelter. StorylineChapel Hill and Orange County tax rates, 1938–19451938–1945 · 8 events · Welfare costs and lost revenue pushed the Orange County tax rate up in 1938, and it came down again later. In July 1938 the commissioners raised the county rate from 95 cents to $1 on the $100, as the welfare fund rose to meet Social Security requirements and revenue from intangibles, now taxed by the state, fell; with the town rate held, a Chapel Hill owner paid $2.65. In 1942 the commissioners cut the county rate to 95 cents, a cut the Weekly credited mainly to a rise in total assessments, and a Chapel Hill owner's combined rate fell to $2.50. The county rate was set at 88 cents in 1943 and kept there in 1944 and 1945. StorylineThe University’s PWA building program of 1938–19411938–1941 · 26 events · In August 1938 a special legislative session called by Governor Hoey to match grants from the Public Works Administration approved University building at Chapel Hill, though not all that President Graham had asked for. Federal allotments and a last-minute approval of three more dormitories and a Carolina Inn addition raised the program to $2,349,000 by October, the government paying 45 per cent. Between 1938 and 1941 the University built dormitories, a power plant, an Inn addition, a new dining hall seating 1,050 and a zoology building, and rebuilt the interiors of older halls such as Gerrard Hall and Bynum Gymnasium. Graham dedicated the zoology building as the Wilson Zoology Laboratory in 1941. StorylineABC stores and liquor by the drink in Orange County, 1938–19781938–1978 · 35 events · After Orange County voters turned down ABC (Alcoholic Beverage Control) liquor stores in 1938, efforts to bring the question back failed for years; in 1955 the commissioners refused the Chapel Hill PTA's request for a countywide vote. In September 1958, on petitions with 1,049 names, the board set the county's first liquor vote since 1938. Despite a dry campaign through the churches, the county voted for the stores on February 3, 1959, carried by the Chapel Hill precincts and by Hillsboro. Stores opened in 1959 and 1961, and in 1964 the ABC board voted for a second Chapel Hill-area store over opposition from university officials, ministers and the Carrboro town board. The state board turned down the West Rosemary Street site chosen for it in January 1965. Orange County voted for liquor by the drink in a 1973 statewide referendum that failed, and when a 1978 state law allowed a local vote, the county approved mixed drinks; Chapel Hill restaurants began serving them that November. StorylineThe Hargraves Center and Chapel Hill’s Negro Community Center1939–2022 · 43 events · Chapel Hill’s Black residents bought land for a Negro Community Center in 1939; the Navy finished the building as quarters for the B-1 Band during the war, and it opened for community use in 1945. It gained the A.D. Clark Pool in 1961, was renamed for William M. Hargraves in 1973 and added the Northside Gymnasium in 1998, and its gym was named for Nate Davis in 2022. StorylineEastwood Lake, 1939–19411939–1941 · 4 events · In April 1939 a dam was being built across Booker Creek, near Harward's dairy off the Chapel Hill to Durham highway, to form a lake as the center of a restricted residential development called Eastwood, promoted by W. S. Crawford. The masonry dam was finished by early July, and after the gate closed and rains came about 50 acres were under water by July 27. In April 1940 Crawford opened graded roads to and around the lake, invited the public to see it, and offered hilltop lots and acreage for sale with building restrictions. On June 21, 1941 he opened a bathing beach near the dam, with free swimming that weekend before a formal opening on June 25. StorylineThe 1939 law ending University merchandising1939 · 8 events · A new law, effective July 1, 1939, forbade the University to sell merchandise in competition with citizens, and the University Service Plants stopped selling coal, refrigerators, radios and appliances. Two of the plants' employees, Harvey Bennett and Frank Blocksidge, took over the stock and the Franklin Street salesroom as Bennett and Blocksidge, and the firm leased a coal yard beside the railroad tracks in Carrboro to take over the University's coal business; in June a crowd there watched a power-driven conveyor unload a 53-ton car of coal. University officials were unsure what the law meant for the Book Exchange and Swain Hall, the Weekly reported. That October tennis coach John Kenfield opened the Carolina Sports Shop on East Franklin Street. StorylineChapel Hill's noise ordinance and student parties, 1939–19911939–1991 · 27 events · Chapel Hill's aldermen passed an ordinance against unnecessary noise in 1939 and an anti-noise ordinance in 1968, and after complaints about fraternity bands a 1972 code required town permits for bands and amplified sound. After students objected to complaint-based enforcement, the town set decibel limits in 1978. A 1980 crackdown on fraternity parties led to talks with students and a 1981 ordinance that allowed louder parties only on Thursday, Friday and Saturday nights with permits; a fraternity soon lost its permit privileges for six months. In 1987 the Town Council cut the permitted level to 75 decibels and the weekend cutoff to midnight, denied Pi Kappa Phi a permit for its Burnout benefit and tabled a student-written amendment; it granted the Burnout permit in 1988. In 1989 it revived its noise committee instead of tightening the limit as neighbors asked. In 1990 it defined nighttime nuisance noise and set fines, and in 1991 it lowered the permitted limit to 70 decibels. StorylineRebuilding the Forest Theatre in stone, 1939–19431939–1943 · 5 events · The Forest Theatre in Battle Park took its present stone form in a WPA rebuilding begun in 1940. By December 1939 the WPA had approved a project of about $20,000, mostly WPA labor and materials, for stone seats, light towers, dressing rooms and a gate. Work began in 1940 under Al Bell, who had supervised the building of the Lost Colony theatre on Roanoke Island, with the University putting about $1,500 into materials. Crews built a screen wall, curved seating along the hillside, towers for lights and sound, and a rough stone stage. May Day and the Playmakers' Romeo and Juliet were held in the new theatre in May 1941, and President Frank Porter Graham dedicated it in May 1943. StorylineThe Horace Williams Airport, 1940–20181940–2018 · 52 events · In 1940 the University bought the Chapel Hill airport that Charlie Martindale had opened in 1928 and planned a field named for Professor Horace Williams, who gave more than 200 acres. University students began Civil Aeronautics Authority flight training there that February. WPA workers began grading in January 1941 on a project costing about $200,000, and that month fire destroyed the hangar and seven training planes. By mid-October crews had finished rough grading for the runways, and that fall University and Duke students began joint pilot training. In 1942 the federal government paid for a new road to the field because of its military value, and in March 1943 paratroopers from Fort Bragg dropped on the airport. From 1968 townspeople and faculty opposed paving the field, and the Faculty Council asked that it be kept to University use; the runway was paved chiefly for medical flights, and in 1974 the Chapel Hill aldermen set up a study of the airport. In 1980 neighbors petitioned to close the airport, and in 1981, a year of three crashes near the field, Chancellor Christopher Fordham offered to close it once a replacement was built near Chapel Hill. The county commissioners approved a private Midway Airport in Bingham Township in 1982 and 1983. In 1988 and 1989 the county studied and then dropped a plan for a new county airport, and after a fatal crash in August 1989 about 350 people debated the University's runway extension at a council hearing. In 1990 UNC decided to keep the airport open to public use, and from 1991 county and town managers planned for moving it; mediators led a dialogue group on its future from October 1992. UNC closed Horace Williams Airport in 2018. StorylineUNC expansion and neighborhood change1940–2026 · 149 events · The university’s growth pressed on the streets around it, from Victory Village for veterans in 1946 to the main-campus development plan of 2001, the Carolina North agreement of 2009 and the campus extension announced in 2026. Northside and Pine Knolls answered with conservation districts, a building freeze in 2011 and a community plan, while a 2025 state law removed the town’s zoning control over university projects. StorylineChapel Hill before Pearl Harbor, 1940–19411940–1941 · 13 events · Chapel Hill and the University were preparing for war and sending aid to Europe well before Pearl Harbor. In February 1940 twenty University students began flight training, and in May President Frank Graham offered the University's faculty and laboratories to the government. In June a Chapel Hill branch of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies was organized, the American Legion post asked Congress for conscription, and citizens signed an appeal urging the United States into the war beside Britain. Relief committees sewed, shipped clothing and raised money for a mobile tea kitchen for England. Within days of Pearl Harbor, armed sentries guarded the airport, the University Lake dam and the power plant. StorylineWilliamsburging Franklin Street, 1940–19421940–1942 · 4 events · Durham attorney J. L. Morehead urged Chapel Hill to make its Franklin Street business block as handsome as the campus, pointing to the business street of Colonial Williamsburg. Louis Graves's Chapel Hill Weekly reported the plan favorably in March 1940, and later accounts credit his paper with the campaign. In 1941 a Town Meeting committee under John M. Booker asked the aldermen for a Town Planning Commission and a consulting architect to pass on building designs. By November the commission was at work, and architect Archie Davis gave owners watercolors showing how to remodel. One building in its block followed the plan: the new Carolina Theatre, with a Colonial front from Davis's sketches, which opened on October 15, 1942. StorylineThe Knolls: a home colony for Black University janitors, 1940–19411940–1941 · 5 events · In 1940 the University's Black janitors set out to own homes with vegetable gardens instead of paying rent. About twenty University employees agreed to build one another's houses, trading labor hour for hour, and formed the Service Employees' Corporation to buy materials and arrange financing. The corporation took an option on the old Creel place, about 40 acres just outside the western town limits; W. C. Coker provided the money for the land at low interest, and a lender arranged through University officials agreed to advance most of the building costs. Thirty-eight janitors took lots in what was named The Knolls, and the FHA (the Federal Housing Administration) approved the plan. By August 1941 six houses were finished and occupied. StorylineOrange County’s home front in the Second World War1940–1946 · 151 events · From 1940 to 1945 Orange County was drawn into the Second World War. Red Cross women sewed garments for Britain and later made surgical dressings, a record 2,507 of them in Hillsborough on D-Day. The draft board sent men into the Army from 1940, and by late October 1945 it counted 3,110 drafted. Farm families, schools and civic clubs pledged or sold war bonds and gathered scrap, and the county more than doubled its quota in the Seventh War Loan. Carrboro's munitions plant loaded shells for the Navy, and German prisoners of war worked Orange farms in 1945. The county marked V-E Day quietly, while Chapel Hill celebrated the end of the war with Japan on Franklin Street. StorylineRebuilding Chapel Hill High School, 1940–19471940–1947 · 20 events · Chapel Hill High School was already crowded in 1940, with offices and the auditorium in use as classrooms, when fire destroyed the building on South Columbia Street on August 8, 1942. Classes met in the Baptist church and then in the old Hume house on West Franklin Street while a school planning board drew up designs for a fireproof building. The boards turned down bids that ran well over the budget in 1945 and let contracts that December. Ground was broken in February 1946 for a first wing designed by Durham architect Raymond Weeks, and the first section of the new school on West Franklin Street opened in 1947, paid for largely with insurance money from the fire. StorylineSelective service in Orange County, 1940–19461940–1946 · 17 events · Orange County's draft board, named by Governor Clyde Hoey in October 1940, had drafted 3,110 men by the fall of 1945. On October 16, 1940 more than 3,800 men registered across the county, 368 of them at Chapel Hill's Black Elks Lodge. Nine volunteers more than filled the county's 1940 call, and in December three of them went to Fort Bragg, the men the Weekly called the county's first soldiers in the new draft. In April 1944, after new rules ended many farm deferments, the board sent 302 men for preinduction examinations, its largest group yet. In January 1946 Governor R. Gregg Cherry honored Garland O. Reitzel, A. C. Pickard and S. W. Hughes for their service. StorylineCharles M. Jones and the Chapel Hill Presbyterian Church, 1941–19531941–1953 · 8 events · In 1953 a commission of Orange Presbytery removed Charles M. Jones as pastor of the Chapel Hill Presbyterian Church, though his congregation had voted to keep him. By Frank Porter Graham's account, Jones sheltered the riders of both races who tested bus segregation in 1947. In November 1952 the presbytery's Judicial Commission called for a clean break, holding that he and the church had not always been true to the denomination's standards. The congregation voted 156 to 14 not to dismiss him. In February 1953 the commission dissolved the pastoral relationship, though its chairman said there were no charges or censures against Jones. After the General Assembly's commission upheld it, Jones asked to be divested of office without censure. StorylineThe new Carolina Theatre, 1941–19421941–1942 · 6 events · A federal order halting construction of theatres stopped work on Chapel Hill's new Carolina Theatre on June 6, 1942, with the building about 85 percent complete. In 1941 Wilby-Kincey, which ran the Carolina and Pick theatres, had bought a Franklin Street lot for a fireproof theatre with 1,200 seats. At the urging of its local manager, E. Carrington Smith, the chain agreed to follow a Colonial front approved by the town's new planning commission, and ground was broken in December 1941. Smith applied for permission to finish, and the theatre at 108 East Franklin Street opened on October 15, 1942. The older house became The Village, showing the Navy Pre-Flight School's free movies for cadets. StorylineThe drought and forest fires of fall 19411941 · 3 events · The dry fall of 1941 left Chapel Hill short of water and put its electric supply in question. From August 1 to October 15 the town had 1.98 inches of rain against a normal 10.41, and with only half a day's water in storage, University officials asked people to stop sprinkling until rain came on October 27. When the Office of Production Management ordered cuts in electric use, the University promised to cut its coal-fired plant loose from Duke Power's lines, and State Utilities Commissioner Winborne ruled the order did not apply in Chapel Hill. In November eight men from the nearby Civilian Conservation Corps camp, whose enrollees were all Black, put out a forest fire below the Gimghoul castle. StorylineRed Cross war fund drives in Orange County, 1941–19451941–1945 · 6 events · Orange County's Red Cross war fund drives started slowly after Pearl Harbor and ended above their goals. In December 1941 Chapel Hill chapter leaders pledged to raise the community's $3,000 share of the national war fund, but gifts came slowly, and in March the paper warned the town might fall short. The separate Orange County chapter met its quota early. In Hillsborough, John B. Midgett led drives that passed their quotas in 1943 and 1944, his canvass reaching the Black residential and rural sections and the mills. In 1945 both chapters passed their quotas, Chapel Hill's reaching $15,413.59 against a $13,300 goal, with gifts from the Navy Pre-Flight School and from the Carrboro munitions plant and its workers. StorylineRationing and price control in Chapel Hill and Hillsborough, 1942–19451942–1945 · 9 events · From 1942 to 1945 local boards and volunteers ran wartime rationing and price control in Chapel Hill and Hillsborough. Early in 1942 the Chapel Hill board could allot only a handful of tires, and a run on sugar led grocers to limit each customer. The board's Community Service Committee, chaired by Guion Griffis Johnson, ran a program the Office of Price Administration called a model for the Southeast, and in October 1943 some 1,225 volunteers issued 9,947 copies of War Ration Book No. 4. The OPA penalized a market for selling above ceiling prices, thieves robbed the Hillsboro ration board office of coupons in 1945, and the Hillsborough board closed its office after November 30, 1945. StorylineOrange County's war loan drives, 1942–19451942–1945 · 12 events · From farm families pledging a pig or an acre of crops in 1942 to the Victory Loan of 1945, Orange County kept buying war bonds, and it passed its quota in each drive from the Fourth War Loan on. In 1942 rural families pledged $50,000 in bonds and stamps for the year. The Fourth War Loan of 1944, under county chairman J. Maryon Saunders of Chapel Hill, passed its $540,000 quota by mid-February, helped by a $25,000 county investment, though E bond sales lagged. The county went over in the Fifth and Sixth loans, and in 1945 the Seventh closed at $1,308,000 against a $574,000 quota. Saunders counted $6,120,000 in bonds bought in the seven drives he led. StorylineThe Navy Pre-Flight School at Chapel Hill, 1942–1945May 1942–October 1945 · 92 events · Commissioned at UNC in May 1942, the U.S. Navy Pre-Flight School trained 18,700 cadets before it was decommissioned on October 15, 1945. Cadets ate in Lenoir Hall and drilled in a Navy-built armory that opened in 1943. George H. W. Bush trained there as a cadet, Gerald Ford taught there, and Ted Williams played on its baseball team. StorylineChapel Hill’s milk supply in wartime, 1942–19451942–1945 · 8 events · Chapel Hill's milk supply ran into trouble in August 1942, when the health department degraded the milk of dairies supplying Harward's Durham Road Dairy from grade B to C. An aldermen majority suspended enforcement of the milk ordinance, a vote Louis Graves criticized in the Weekly, and the Naval Pre-Flight School ordered its cadets to stay out of places that sold Harward's milk. In February 1943 Durham Dairy Products said it would stop rather than label its mixed, partly imported milk Grade C, and health officer William P. Richardson declared a milk emergency. Refused a pasteurized label, the company made its last deliveries in March, and by April Richardson reported all milk sold in Chapel Hill strictly Grade A. StorylineBlack Chapel Hill on the home front, 1942–19441942–1944 · 9 events · From 1942 to 1944 Chapel Hill's Black residents carried on their own home-front work, from civil defense and scrap collection to bond sales and gardens. By 1943 twelve Black men trained for fire protection had civil defense arm bands, and the Orange County Training School had collected 22,075 pounds of scrap; its Jeep campaign sold more in stamps and bonds than the $900 cost of an Army jeep. Black residents began a Victory Garden campaign and formed a Citizens Service Corps. In 1944 Black veterans of both world wars formed an American Legion post, and a federally funded day nursery for children of Black working mothers opened at the Training School. StorylineA Lutheran congregation in Chapel Hill, 1942–19461942–1946 · 4 events · The first Lutheran congregation in Orange County, by Lefler and Wager's account, grew from services that the Rev. Dorus P. Rudisill, assigned by the Lutheran Synod of North Carolina, led in Chapel Hill, first in the evening at the Methodist church, then from 1942 in Memorial Hall and the Graham Memorial. In 1946 St. John's Lutheran Church of Cherryville gave a lot at East Rosemary Street and Pickard Lane for a $75,000 church, and on July 21 Holy Trinity Lutheran Church was organized with 34 charter members. That September the Rev. E. C. Cooper arrived to succeed Rudisill, with more than $50,000 raised, and the church building was consecrated on January 6, 1952. StorylineChapel Hill men lost in the Second World War, 19431943 · 3 events · Three men from Chapel Hill and its neighborhood died in the Second World War in the late summer and fall of 1943. Technical Sergeant Bynum G. Crabtree, a Flying Fortress crewman with the Eighth Bomber Command, was killed on August 19 when his plane was shot down over Flushing, Holland, on his thirteenth mission; the Army gave him the Air Medal with two oak leaf clusters after his death. Second Lieutenant Marshall Reid Cheek, an Army Air Forces navigator, was reported missing after combat operations in the Pacific and later reported to have died on August 22. Vernon Strowd Hogan, 27, a Navy third-class gunner's mate, died in November in a base hospital in the South Pacific, probably of wounds. StorylineShort wartime school days, 1943–19441943–1944 · 3 events · Wartime farm work shaped Orange County's school hours in 1943 and 1944. In August 1943 Superintendent R. H. Claytor announced that most county schools would run from 8:15 to 1:15 for the first six weeks so children could help on farms. Chapel Hill's schools ran a wartime short day from 8 to 1. In November, 99 of 160 parents favored a day from 8:40 to 2, but on November 16 the Chapel Hill school board put an 8:45 to 3:15 schedule into effect, against most parents' wishes. By May 1944 all Orange County schools had gone on a short schedule, after young farmers were drafted and heavy spring rains delayed the crop year. StorylineVeterans’ organizations in Orange County, 1943–19581943–1958 · 29 events · Between 1943 and 1958 Orange County's veterans organized posts in each town, and Black veterans formed their own, in Chapel Hill in 1944 and in Hillsboro in 1947. Chapel Hill's American Legion post drew many protests in 1943 for a traveling carnival with a strip act and gambling games, and editor Louis Graves, a Legion member, criticized the post. Hillsborough veterans organized Post No. 85 in 1944. After the war came a Carrboro Legion post, the county's first two Veterans of Foreign Wars posts, a Marine Corps League post and a county veterans' service office. In 1955 Chapel Hill's Paul Robertson became the Legion's state commander, and in 1958 fire gutted Hillsboro's Legion hut, which reopened in 1959. StorylineBlack community health clubs, 1944–19471944–1947 · 11 events · In August 1944 a health club formed in Chapel Hill's Black community under Mrs. E. T. Sellars, started by a health education trainee of the county health department. That December it reported a survey of 116 families that found unvaccinated children and homes without any means of sewage disposal, and it ran neighborhood clean-up campaigns in the springs of 1945 and 1946. In May 1945 Black parents and teachers in Hillsboro organized a health committee under Roosevelt Warner, whose Health Club went on to restore the old Odd Fellows Hall as a community center. StorylineOrange County’s dairy cooperatives, 1944–19551944–1955 · 9 events · Dairyman H. F. Latta and others formed the Latta Co-operative Dairy in November 1944, began collecting milk from fourteen farmers near Hillsboro that December, and opened their own small milk plant in Hillsborough on June 5, 1945. About fifty dairy farmers of Orange, Durham and Chatham counties bought a Chapel Hill lot for a cooperative plant early in 1945, and the Farmers Cooperative Dairy began building it on West Franklin Street that July and opened it in 1946. On September 1, 1949 the Latta cooperative merged into the Farmers Dairy Cooperative, and by 1955 the old Latta dairy building on East King Street held a shoe repair shop. StorylineHousing Chapel Hill’s student veterans, 1945–19461945–1946 · 10 events · In July 1945 Mayor R. W. Madry named a citizens' committee to study Chapel Hill's postwar housing, and that fall residents formed a corporation to build homes. As returning veterans filled the university in 1946, the trustees approved five dormitories, a trailer camp opened on the old high school site, the federal government put up the prefabricated houses of Victory Village on the south campus for about 350 student families, and federal rent control took effect in Orange County on July 1. That summer the town named a Veterans Housing Commission to bring in surplus demountable houses for married veterans, and Chapel Hill's churches opened nursery schools for their children. StorylineVictory Village and its day care center, 1946–19921946–1992 · 16 events · Victory Village, prefabricated housing for married veterans, went up on 65 acres of UNC's south campus in 1946 and housed about 350 student families, whose own board of aldermen ran a day care center. From 1961 the University tore the village down in stages to make room for the health affairs complex and, in 1970 and 1971, for hospital parking, and in 1966 the state deeded part of the land for a research building. Brick apartments called Odum Village took its place by about 1977. In 1988, with about 120 families waiting for places at the Victory Village Day Care Center, UNC named its first child care coordinator; in 1989 the center's supporters marched to South Building, and the University began a one-year child care referral pilot. The day care center raised its fees in 1991, and Mary Bridgers, its director for nearly 30 years, retired in 1992. StorylineNorth Carolina Memorial Hospital and the medical center, from 19521947–2012 · 85 events · The Good Health Plan of 1947 funded a four-year medical school and teaching hospital at Chapel Hill, and North Carolina Memorial Hospital admitted its first patients in September 1952. It ended racial segregation in 1965, became UNC Hospitals in 1989 and the UNC Health Care System in 1998, and with the cancer and neurosciences hospitals made the town a medical center employing about 7,000 people by 2010. StorylineChapel Hill’s zoning reaches the countryside, 1948–19551948–1955 · 16 events · Chapel Hill set up a planning and zoning board in 1948, put its first zoning ordinance into effect in June 1949, and that May asked for zoning a mile beyond its limits. In 1951 the town sought power to zone three miles out, chiefly to keep commercial strips off the new Durham-Chapel Hill boulevard, and the legislature enlarged its zoning commission with county members. A 1952 plan to zone four miles around town brought heated opposition from rural landowners through four public hearings; the county put farmers on the commission, and in 1953 a new act cut the area and gave rural residents equal seats. After a final hearing the aldermen adopted the perimeter ordinance in March 1955, and that August the county named its members to the Greater Chapel Hill zoning boards. StorylineThe Chapel Hill town election of 1949April–May 1949 · 6 events · A mass meeting at the Community Center nominated the Rev. J. H. Jones, a Black minister, for the Chapel Hill Board of Aldermen in April 1949, registration added 479 voters, 174 of them Black, and the League of Women Voters held a candidates' meeting. On May 3, with 1,442 of 1,726 registered voters at the polls, Edwin S. Lanier unseated Mayor Robert W. Madry, 811 to 589. Mrs. Roland McClamroch and Jones, whom the News called the town's first woman and first Black candidates for the board, each drew 607 votes and lost. At its first meeting the new board asked for zoning a mile beyond the town limits. StorylineGlen Lennox: the sewer fight and the apartment village, 1949–19811949–1981 · 9 events · In June 1949 Chapel Hill's aldermen agreed to take sewage and garbage from a 300-unit, FHA-financed apartment project that Durham contractor William Muirhead planned on the Raleigh Road outside town, and in July the FHA agreed to insure a loan of up to $2,130,000 for it. Recorder's Court judge John T. Manning charged in an open letter that the town's sewer terms excused the builder from connection and service charges. Muirhead named the colony Glen Lennox and opened its rental office in December 1949; by March 1950, 66 families had moved in. An elementary school was going up in the area in 1952, and in 1953 the Planning Board approved new streets on its fringes. In the spring of 1981 the complex on N.C. 54 east of Chapel Hill, owned for 31 years by its builders' families, was sold for $6 million. Under the new owners rents rose, by as much as $90 a month according to tenants, and the management weighed replacing the old shared heating plants with individual units. On the night of September 7 about 120 residents met to organize against the increases, aiming to invite the new owners to a meeting, hold rents down and press for state laws protecting tenants; they said more than 10 percent of the complex had moved out in two weeks. The general manager answered that only six tenants had left, that rents of $219 and $259 with utilities were still the best deal in Chapel Hill, and that 250 to 325 people were on the waiting list. StorylineCarrboro’s school and the Chapel Hill district, 1950–19591950–1959 · 52 events · In 1950 Carrboro's school committeemen told the county board that Carrboro preferred to stay in the county school unit rather than join a larger Chapel Hill tax district. By 1953 the school was crowded and a grand jury called its building extremely shabby; a state survey team recommended a new site and a merger with the Chapel Hill unit. The state split the Carrboro-White Cross district in 1954, and the county bought a site behind the new Carrboro Methodist Church, later enlarged to about 18 acres. After flooded rooms and a fallen ceiling in 1955, Carrboro parents debated the merger, and the district committee voted to stay in the county unit. In August 1958 Carrboro voters approved joining the Chapel Hill district, 713 to 303; the new elementary school opened, and in 1959 the old building was sold to the town. StorylineFire protection for the countryside, 1951–19641951–1964 · 17 events · When Chapel Hill's fire department stopped answering most calls outside town in January 1951, people in the countryside began arranging fire protection of their own. Rural residents around Hillsboro, whose truck already stayed near town, formed the Orange Fire Protective Association, raised money by memberships and had a truck by March 1951, crewed by the town's volunteer firemen. Carrboro offered contracts to property owners around town in 1954. Around Chapel Hill, voters approved a tax-supported fire district 188 to 9 in 1955, and in 1956 Chapel Hill agreed to protect the district in return for its fire tax. In 1964 the county set up an Orange Fire Commission to regulate the departments receiving county aid. StorylineThe Chapel Hill Fire Department, 1951–19641951–1964 · 11 events · In 1951 the Chapel Hill aldermen stopped the town fire department from answering calls outside the town limits unless a fire endangered property in town, and in 1956 the town agreed to protect the suburban Greater Chapel Hill Fire District in return for its 10-cent fire tax. A reorganization had made J. S. Boone full-time chief by 1955. A 100-foot aerial ladder truck arrived in 1959, and a second station opened in Glen Lennox. In 1962 James Stewart was promoted to chief, and Boone, a town fireman for 34 years, became assistant chief at his own request. In 1963 the department moved into a new $80,000 central fire station, and Boone retired in January 1964. StorylineWUNC radio and television, 1951–19551951–1955 · 8 events · The university received a construction permit for an educational FM station in 1951, and WUNC, run by students, went on the air on November 3, 1952. In June 1953 the university applied to the Federal Communications Commission for television Channel 4 at Chapel Hill, and that September it received a construction permit. Robert F. Schenkkan directed the new station, Kay Kyser helped raise money for it, and WUNC-TV began broadcasting from Chapel Hill on January 8, 1955. StorylineThe Rural Progress Program and its successors, 1951–19591951–1959 · 21 events · Orange County joined the state Rural Progress campaign in September 1951, aiming to add $1,000 to each farm family's income and to improve every home and community. County workers enlisted more than 100 white neighborhood leaders and Black captains to survey farm families, and Lincoln High's agriculture department began the program among Black families around Chapel Hill. Separate prize nights for white and Black farm families followed each year. Orange was named the state's County of the Year in December 1953 and won the division for Black families in February 1954. Successor programs followed in 1955 and 1957, and Cedar Grove won the silver loving cup for Black families in 1957 and 1958. StorylineFluoridating Chapel Hill’s and Hillsboro’s water, 1951–19641951–1964 · 13 events · Chapel Hill's aldermen voted in 1951 to add fluorine to the town water, which the University ran, but a lawsuit held fluoridation up until 1964. In Hillsboro, after the State Board of Health cited a survey finding twice as much tooth decay among Hillsboro and Chapel Hill children as in Dunn, which had fluoridated, the water works began adding fluoride in September 1960. In Chapel Hill a University poll in 1960 favored it about three to one, but a resident sued to stop it and the University held off. The aldermen pressed the trustees, the suit was dismissed in 1963, and Chapel Hill's filter plant began adding fluoride on February 28, 1964. StorylineDay care in Chapel Hill and Carrboro, 1952–19741952–1974 · 7 events · Day care in Chapel Hill and Carrboro grew from a center run by Victory Village's student council in 1952. In 1970 parents and children marched into South Building for a University day-care center, and Women's Liberation members opened the Community School for People Under Six for children of all races and incomes, which First Baptist Church evicted in 1972. Binkley church housed a program for disabled children from 1971, and in 1974 the Chapel Hill aldermen sought authority to fund day care. StorylineOrange County’s bicentennial, 1952–19531952–1953 · 7 events · In August 1952 the county commissioners named a committee under L. J. Phipps to plan the county's 200th anniversary, and in September they named 55 people to committees for programs, finance, publicity, exhibits and a pageant. Lefler and Wager's county history came off the press on October 1, 1953. The bicentennial week of October 7 through 13 opened with the laying of the new courthouse's cornerstone and brought parades in Hillsborough and Chapel Hill, Garden Club tours of old homes, and six showings of the pageant The Road to Orange. In January 1954 the commissioners paid about $9,000 in unpaid bicentennial bills. StorylineBinkley Baptist and the Community Church of Chapel Hill1953–1993 · 58 events · The Community Church of Chapel Hill formed in 1953 as an interracial congregation and started an integrated preschool in 1955; Binkley Baptist organized in 1958 under Robert Seymour. The Baptist association refused Binkley membership in 1966 over its open membership, the state and Southern conventions disassociated from it in 1992, and the Community Church joined the Unitarian Universalist Association in 1993. StorylineThe five-member county board, 1953–19561953–1956 · 8 events · In January 1953 rural residents brought petitions with about 940 names asking that the county commissioners and the board of education each be enlarged from three to five members. After a heated hearing on February 2 the commissioners voted 2 to 1 to ask for a five-member board elected at large, without the one-per-township rule the petitioners wanted, and the General Assembly passed the local act that March. The first primary for five seats came in May 1954, voters filled the enlarged board that November, and the first five-member board took office on December 6, 1954, electing R. J. M. Hobbs chairman. In 1956 the commissioners asked the legislature to limit the board to two members from any one township, and after protests from Chapel Hill speakers and the League of Women Voters they reaffirmed the request that November. StorylineRecreation in Chapel Hill and Carrboro, 1955–19641955–1964 · 20 events · Chapel Hill voters turned down a recreation tax in 1957 and approved one in 1963, and in between private backers and gifts of land supplied a recreation center and a pool. A 1955 act created a Chapel Hill-Carrboro recreation district, but Carrboro asked to be left out. At the 1957 hearings Carrboro residents feared for their school tax and Black PTA leader Lattice Vickers asked what Black residents would get; the commissioners dropped Carrboro and the rural areas, and voters turned down the tax 1,176 to 514. Private backers formed Chapel Hill Recreation Center, Inc. on Bolin Creek land offered by John W. Umstead and his family, and in 1962 Exchange Pools, Inc. opened a pool beside the center. StorylineThe 1956 school bonds and what they built, 1955–19581955–1958 · 14 events · In 1955 commissioners' chairman R. J. M. Hobbs asked the county and Chapel Hill school boards to plan for a large bond election, and the board called a vote on $2 million in school bonds, divided among the county schools, Carrboro and the Chapel Hill unit. At the February 1956 hearing two Hillsboro men objected, citing the uncertainty left by the Supreme Court's school decision; Remus J. Smith Sr. answered that the classrooms would be needed even if segregation ended. Voters approved the bonds on March 27, 1956. The county board put a new Carrboro school first and that fall adopted a $1.17 million building program, and contracts for work from Carrboro to Efland followed through 1958. StorylineParking in Chapel Hill and on campus, 1956–19921956–1992 · 72 events · Chapel Hill's downtown parking passed from a merchants' lot to town meters and town lots. In June 1956 an association of East Franklin Street businesses opened what the News called the town's first customer parking lot. In 1958, after heated debate, the aldermen passed an ordinance for about 375 meters on business-district streets, and they voted to put meter money in the general fund, though Alderman Roland Giduz wanted it kept to buy land for off-street parking. In 1962 the town agreed to buy the Hanson property on East Rosemary Street for a lot for about 30 cars, and after deeds recorded in 1963 it began building a 70-car lot there, which opened in 1964. In 1965 the University zoned parking on the campus and began towing, and the town banned parking on South Road and let the police tow illegally parked cars. Street meter income later fell. In 1977 the town banned weekday parking on 41 streets near the campus; a court barred its free permits for residents after a law student sued, and the aldermen adopted a narrower permit ordinance in 1978. Voters turned down a Rosemary Street parking deck in 1979, and after court rulings limited towing in 1982 the town required hearings and police supervision for tows and raised its fines. In 1984 the council opened talks with the Fraser Company on Rosemary Square, a deck with a hotel-condominium on the Rosemary Street lot. From 1985 Chapel Hill and Carrboro raised parking fines and changed their towing and street rules, and the University raised permit prices nearly every year while it planned a parking deck on the Craige lot; after protests over paying for it with permit fees, the trustees raised fees in 1989 to help repay a 1,600-space deck. The Craige deck opened in September 1991. In 1991 and 1992 Chapel Hill limited commuter parking on McCauley Street, let downtown developers offer transportation plans instead of parking, eased its towing rules and began ticketing cars parked on sidewalks, and Carrboro raised its parking fines to $25. StorylineThe Pearsall Plan in Orange County, 1956–19611956–1961 · 6 events · In 1956 Chapel Hill's five precincts voted down the Pearsall Plan, apparently the only small community in the state to do so, while Orange County as a whole approved it 3,359 to 1,784. The amendment allowed local votes to close schools and tuition grants for private schools to avoid integration. Former state senator Irving Carlyle attacked it at a University forum, and school board member Clarence D. Jones called the tuition grants unfair, while Representative John W. Umstead backed it, saying it kept the question away from extremists on both sides. In 1961 the Chapel Hill school board recommended a tuition grant for a Carrboro parent's two daughters, which the News called the state's first formal application. StorylineSchool desegregation in Chapel Hill and Carrboro, 1954–19701956–1970 · 74 events · In 1956 and 1957 Preston Weaver applied to move his son from Northside School to the white Chapel Hill Elementary, and in 1958 the county school board refused applications from the Vickers and Walden families for places at the new white Carrboro Elementary. After the school board refused in 1959 to admit ten-year-old Stanley Vickers to Carrboro Elementary, his parents sued, and their 1961 win in federal court set the Chapel Hill-Carrboro schools on the course to desegregation. In 1966 all-Black Lincoln High merged into Chapel Hill High, and Lincoln's name, colors and mascot were left behind. In the fall of 1969 Black students protested at the town's junior and senior high schools. In September about 150 walked out of Guy B. Phillips Junior High for about an hour over the choice of cheerleaders, and the principal said the school was weighing a three-to-one white-to-Black quota for all school organizations. In November the school board reprimanded, but kept on, a Chapel Hill High teacher who Black students said had called a Black student a racial slur. On November 11 about 200 Black students presented demands to the principal, among them more Black teachers and an Afro-American studies department, and the day ended in broken windows, injuries and police. The next night about 500 Black parents and students took their grievances to the board at First Baptist Church, and on November 17 the board promised a biracial grievance committee and renewed efforts to hire Black teachers, and Black students ended their boycott of Chapel Hill High. In February 1970 the city schools reported every school racially balanced, with Black enrollment of 22 to 36 percent, while only about 12 percent of teachers were Black. StorylineUNC’s Univac computer, 1958–19661958–1966 · 6 events · In November 1958 the University acquired a $2.4 million Univac high-speed electronic computer, which the UNC News Bureau named its top story of the year, and chose John W. Carr III of the University of Michigan to direct the Computer Center that would run it. The first shipment of the machine was unloaded outside Phillips Hall in June 1959. That August Census Bureau employees began working on it to prepare for the 1960 census, and by May 1960 Carr was editing a new journal, Computing Reviews. Census Bureau operations officially began on June 14, 1960, with the computer to run around the clock on population and housing data for about 40 per cent of the U.S. population. The Univac made its last run in July 1966, making room for IBM computers shared with Duke and N.C. State. StorylineA home for the Chapel Hill Public Library, 1958–19681958–1968 · 5 events · Chapel Hill's first public library opened on December 15, 1958 in the east wing of the Hill House, with about 4,500 books. In November 1964 the State Library Commission again turned down the town's request for a share of new federal library money, because its library did not belong to a county or regional system. In 1965 voters approved a library bond of up to $150,000 by 1,079 to 65. Around 1965 the library committee kept Don Stewart and his modern plan, though its head had asked him about a traditional design. His 1966 building on East Franklin Street used sloping native stone walls and stained wood to fit among the older faculty houses. When the library moved to Pritchard Park in 1994, the building became home to the town museum. StorylineResearch Triangle Park and the county’s transformationFrom 1959 · 30 events · The Research Triangle Foundation, formed in 1959, ran the research park planned between Durham and Raleigh around UNC, N.C. State and Duke. That November Orange County commissioners said the park would bring the county mainly new residents and school costs rather than taxable industry, and began discussing county-wide zoning. StorylineChapel Hill's annexations, 1959–19601959–1960 · 5 events · Chapel Hill roughly tripled in area in the decade after 1950 through about a dozen annexations, and 1959 and 1960 brought a run of them. In October 1959 the school board voted to join owners seeking annexation of the Estes Hills School area and to seek annexation of the Northside and Lincoln school properties. In 1960 the town took in the 48-acre Northside School neighborhood, about 95 acres of Estes Hills at the request of every residential owner, the Coker Hills subdivision and the University's proposed fraternity court, and the 50-acre Ridgefield Extension, whose developer was paying for its own water and sewer lines and paving. StorylineChapel Hill's thoroughfare plan, road widenings and bypasses, 1959–19941959–1994 · 32 events · The State Highway Commission approved a northern bypass around Chapel Hill and Carrboro in 1959, and in 1961 Chapel Hill adopted a long-range thoroughfare plan of 32 projects that included one. The plan was amended in 1962 and adopted for the town and its environs in 1965, with a road along Bolin Creek, an outer loop and one-way pairs downtown. That fall the aldermen pressed the state to return to the plan's route for a northwest bypass. From 1973 residents and the University opposed proposed roads through Battle Park, along Bolin Creek and past the Horace Williams House as the plan was revised, and in 1979 the town asked the state for a southern bypass over rural residents' objections. The council withdrew that request in 1980. In 1985 the town and the state made Pittsboro and South Columbia streets a one-way pair, and in 1988 the council endorsed the state's design for widening the U.S. 15-501 bypass to four lanes with a planted median. The state let the first widening contract in 1989 and put off widening South Columbia Street until 1994. From 1990 to 1992 Chapel Hill put off a decision on widening South Columbia Street, made frontage roads along U.S. 15-501 its first federal road request and chose a four-lane design with a median for widening N.C. 86, while the county commissioners opposed widening N.C. 54. In 1993 and 1994 Chapel Hill and Durham studied the U.S. 15-501 corridor, weighing six lanes against light rail, and in November 1994 the council endorsed the state's four-lane plan for N.C. 86. StorylineChapel Hill freedom movement, 1960–19651960–1965 · 101 events · Nine Lincoln High students began Chapel Hill's sit-ins at Colonial Drug on February 28, 1960. Through 1963 and 1964 Black residents and UNC students picketed, marched and sat in, and held a Holy Week fast at the post office, but the aldermen narrowly rejected a public accommodations ordinance and many businesses stayed segregated until the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In April 1965 John Ehle's The Free Men traced the 1963-1964 campaign through three of its leaders, John Dunne, Pat Cusick and Quinton Baker, and the new interracial Chapel Hill-Carrboro Council on Human Relations named a steering committee on housing, education and employment, its leader saying he foresaw no protests like those of 1964. In May James Farmer of the Congress of Racial Equality, speaking in Chapel Hill for the first time since January 1964, told about 300 people in Memorial Hall that the movement would turn toward the economic upgrading of Black communities and political organizing. StorylineOrange County’s first county-wide zoning plan, 1960–19671960–1967 · 5 events · A plan to zone Orange County's rural areas, begun in 1960 when Granges and other groups petitioned the commissioners, drew protests at eight community meetings, loudest in Eno Township, where residents gave commissioners chairman Donald Stanford rough treatment. In February 1962 opponents met at Palmer's Grove to hear Durham attorney Blackwell Brogden, whom they had engaged, speak against zoning outside Hillsboro. That March the county Planning Board agreed to review and simplify the whole ordinance, and the Orange County Farm Bureau's directors opposed it 'in its present form', with president Oscar Compton objecting to its sign limits for farm produce and its lot sizes. In 1967 the county adopted a zoning ordinance for Chapel Hill Township. StorylineCaring for the Old Chapel Hill Cemetery, 1960–19941960–1994 · 15 events · Ownership of the Old Chapel Hill Cemetery was long unsettled between the University and the town, and vandals damaged dozens of stones in 1974 and 1985. After Rebecca Clark showed the Town Council its neglect in 1985, the state let the town take charge in 1987, the council adopted a $290,000 improvement plan, and a 1989 deed settled ownership. In 1992 students held a candlelight march for the Black dead buried there and pressed the town to finish the repairs, and the cemetery entered the National Register in 1994. StorylineThe Towne House apartments fight, 19611961 · 4 events · In 1961 neighbors fought the Towne House, a $1.5 million, 104-unit apartment project planned off East Rosemary Street in Chapel Hill, and the fight ended with the project blocked and a new planning board in place. On June 27, over the developers' formal protest and against the Planning Board's advice, the aldermen rezoned the area to reduce the number of apartments the site could hold. The same day they accepted the resignations of all nine Planning Board members, who had questioned whether the board served any useful purpose after recent reversals of its advice. A new ten-member board was named, and on July 10, on its recommendation, the aldermen unanimously denied the Towne House a special use permit. StorylineChapel Hill’s first public housing, 1961–19691961–1969 · 14 events · Chapel Hill created a housing authority in 1962 to seek federally financed low-rent housing, and the choice of sites drew objections in which race was a factor. The aldermen acted after testimony about substandard housing before the Mayor's Committee on Human Relations in 1961 and a hearing of about 100 people, all in favor. In 1964 Vivian Foushee of the Citizens Committee for Progress led a Black delegation against placing most of a 60-unit project in the all-Black Gomains Avenue area, neighbors of a North Columbia Street tract petitioned against housing there, and two commissioners said 21 businessmen opposed the project. Craig-Gomains and Lindsay Street were built in 1967, and North Columbia Street in 1968. In 1969 Mayor Howard Lee appealed for low-rent housing for 30 families in condemned houses while more units were built. StorylineSpeaker Ban controversy, 1962–19681962–1968 · 60 events · In October 1962 the Division Three area of the state American Legion, meeting in Chapel Hill, endorsed a Chapel Hill post resolution by Col. Henry E. Royall asking for an investigation of possible leftist influences on the UNC campus. The General Assembly passed the Speaker Ban on June 26, 1963, barring known Communists and people who had pleaded the Fifth Amendment from speaking on state campuses. In March 1966 Frank Wilkinson and Herbert Aptheker spoke to UNC students from the Franklin Street side of the wall, and a federal court struck the law down on February 19, 1968. StorylineThe Chapel Hill civil-rights demonstrations, 1963–19641963 to 1964 · 64 events · Marches, sit-ins and arrests over segregated businesses from 1963 into 1964, the aldermen's refusal of a public accommodations ordinance, the Holy Week fast, and the Watts Restaurant protests and the Klopfer speedy-trial case that grew out of them. StorylineThe Inter-Church Council's housing work, 1963–19661963–1966 · 3 events · The Inter-Church Council, formed in 1963, was building homes on Community Chest money by 1965. In 1966 students from Morrison Residence College and the Nurses Dormitory finished a nine-room house it had begun for a Black family near the Carrboro town dump, and Adelaide Walters began her years as chair of its housing committee. StorylineOrange County’s House seat changes hands, 19631963 · 6 events · Orange County lost its member of the General Assembly twice in 1963. John W. Umstead Jr. was ill from the first day of the session and stepped down by mid-March, and the county Democratic Executive Committee unanimously chose Recorder's Court judge L. J. Phipps to succeed him. Phipps took the oath on March 18. On June 22 the state American Legion elected him department commander, and because the Legion barred its commander from elective office he gave up the House seat, leaving Orange without a representative. On September 3 the county executive committee nominated Edwin J. Hamlin, publisher of the News of Orange County, by 28 to 27, and Governor Terry Sanford appointed him on September 10. StorylineChapel Hill’s schools leave West Franklin Street, 1963–19691963–1969 · 14 events · Chapel Hill's school board paid for a new high school by selling the 10-acre West Franklin Street property of its high school and junior high. The search for a site began in August 1963, and after the UNC trustees refused land at the University airport, the board signed a $1 million contract in June 1964 selling the property to Durham builder Bobby Roberts, for a high school on a 120-acre site north of town. That fall work began on a nine-story coed dormitory at the rear of the old tract. The new Chapel Hill High opened on High School Road in 1966 with the white students from Franklin Street and Lincoln High's students. StorylineThe Klan in Orange County, 1964–19881964–1988 · 10 events · Between 1964 and 1968 the Ku Klux Klan held rallies with cross burnings east of Chapel Hill and near Hillsborough, called a night rally beside Interstate 85 and gathered off Highway 54 west of Carrboro. In 1965 a House committee named the Sportsman's Lakeside Lodge as the Klan organization in Orange County, and the sheriff reported three recent Klan meetings in the county. That December Congressman Charles Weltner urged an audience of about 1,700 in Memorial Hall to stop supporting the Klan. In 1987 Klan members marched on Franklin Street beside numerous protesters, and in 1988 about 50 marched through Hillsborough and rallied at the courthouse before a crowd of hecklers. StorylineOrange County’s antipoverty program and JOCCA, 1964–19821964–1982 · 9 events · Orange County's antipoverty program began in 1964 with a slow start for Community Action, Inc., a proposed privately financed biracial corporation meant to work on Chapel Hill's racial and economic problems. In April the county commissioners, while saying they favored its aims, put off endorsing it over objections to the makeup of its 18-member board. By mid-May the commissioners and the Chapel Hill aldermen had named members, and in June Carrboro's commissioners voted 3 to 2 to take part. In September the county commissioners unanimously created an Economic Opportunity Act advisory committee to plan a county program and seek federal funds, and in October they named its fifteen members. Joint Orange-Chatham Community Action (JOCCA), created in 1966, set up a rural health service that began in 1970, and Gloria Williams directed JOCCA in the 1980s and 1990s. StorylineBuilding Carmichael Auditorium, 1964–19651964–1965 · 4 events · Work began in 1964 on a new basketball arena beside Woollen Gymnasium, which the University named for William D. Carmichael Jr. Don Stewart's design, with a roof carried on steel beams and tie rods, was by one account the largest single-span building in North Carolina. Carmichael Auditorium was first used, still unfinished, for the University Day convocation of October 1965. StorylineBuilding the undergraduate library and student union, 1964–19681964–1968 · 9 events · In the mid-1960s UNC built an undergraduate library, a student union and a student stores building beside Wilson Library. A federal loan of 1964 was for the union, and a 1966 federal grant enlarged the library, named for former chancellor Robert B. House. The site was cleared in 1966 and the library's foundations begun in 1967. In January 1968 a concrete roof section of the unfinished union collapsed without injuring anyone. The Josephus Daniels Student Stores and the House Undergraduate Library opened in the fall of 1968 and the union in January 1969, framing the sunken court known as the Pit. StorylineChapel Hill's Open Spaces plan, 1965–19691965–1969 · 4 events · In 1965 a mayor's committee proposed protecting about 1,100 acres along Chapel Hill's creeks and hillsides as open space, and the aldermen endorsed the plan in principle. In 1968 and 1969 Mayor Sandy McClamroch broke tie votes to approve the Bolin Meadows subdivision on land the plan meant to keep undeveloped and to rezone a tract near Colonial Heights for apartments. StorylineRoom for students: UNC's dormitory shortage and the new residence hall, 1965–19891965–1989 · 29 events · UNC sought money for residence halls in 1965 and in 1973 tripled hundreds of rooms. From 1980 the yearly lottery closed out more than a thousand students at a time, and the trustees put off student apartments on the Couch property. In 1981 they put a 500-bed hall in the budget, and after rent rises and protests over crowded rooms work began in 1983 on a hall on Stadium Drive beside Teague. A 486-bed hall completed in 1986 was dedicated in 1987 as Carmichael Residence Hall. Construction delays kept the hall from opening in 1985, when a record 300 freshmen were tripled. In 1989, over student leaders' objections, UNC exempted rising sophomores who kept their rooms from the housing lottery. StorylineRace and UNC's fraternities and sororities, 1965–19891965–1989 · 20 events · In 1965, after a visiting Liberian student was insulted outside a fraternity house and faculty members asked about discriminatory clauses, UNC's Faculty Council ordered every fraternity and sorority to certify by September 1966 that no rule kept it from pledging a student because of race, creed or national origin. All had dropped their clauses by the fall of 1966, and in 1967 Charlie Scott pledged St. Anthony Hall; the Daily Tar Heel called him the first Black student accepted into a fraternity pledge class at Carolina. Black Ink called Omega Psi Phi and Delta Sigma Theta, chartered in 1973, UNC's first Black fraternity and sorority. After the only Black woman in the 1982 sorority rush received no bid, sorority women organized against discrimination, and the 1983 rush opened with an integrated round. Forums in 1988 and 1989 brought Black and white Greek members together to discuss the separate systems; in 1989 panelists favored joint events but not a merger. StorylineOpposing the Vietnam War in Chapel Hill, 1965–19731965–1973 · 81 events · From 1965 to 1969 opposition to the Vietnam War in Chapel Hill grew from a silent walk of about 30 Student Peace Union marchers to a Moratorium day in which thousands took part. Students held fasts, sing-outs and pickets, a silent vigil stood at the post office every Wednesday from January 1967, and Vice President Humphrey, Senators Morse, Mansfield and Kennedy and others spoke on the war. Draft counseling began in 1967, faculty members signed statements backing draft refusers, and in March 1968 fifteen people were arrested at a sit-in against a Dow Chemical recruiter. On October 15, 1969 some 3,500 to 5,000 marchers walked through downtown to a convocation where Mayor Howard Lee spoke. From 1970 a Curriculum in Peace, War and Defense tied ROTC to new courses, students and faculty lobbied Congress, and in April 1972 more than 2,000 students marched against the renewed bombing. The Franklin Street peace vigil went on into 1973, when local peace groups formed the Chapel Hill Peace Center. StorylineThe Bell's hamburger stand and the appearance commission, 19651965 · 3 events · In 1965 the Bell's chain of Charlotte planned a walk-in hamburger stand on the lot beside the Baptist church at Franklin and Columbia streets. The aldermen urged the owners not to build it, the church appealed the building permit, and the General Assembly let Chapel Hill create an appearance commission, though not in time to reach the stand. By May Bell's was reported to be negotiating a sale of the lot to the church. StorylineResidence colleges and Hinton James, 1965–19711965–1971 · 20 events · UNC's residence college system began in March 1965 with Morehead College, and that year Morrison Residence Hall opened, Scott Residence College was dedicated and Chancellor Paul F. Sharp grouped the remaining men's halls into provisional colleges. Ground was broken in 1966 for the ten-story Hinton James Residence Hall, named for the first student to reach Chapel Hill, and it opened in 1967 to about 1,000 men. The colleges' names became official in 1967 and classes began meeting in residence halls, and in 1968 Scott and Hinton James were chosen for experimental programs with faculty fellows. In 1969 Project Hinton put women and men on neighboring floors of Hinton James in a living-learning experiment. Hinton James became coeducational in 1971, the year Project Hinton was suspended. StorylineWomen’s hours, visitation and coed housing at UNC, 1965–19741965–1974 · 31 events · Between 1965 and 1969 UNC's women students, and the men in the residence halls, pressed against the University's rules on closing hours and visits. Nursing students staged a lie-in in 1965, and in 1967 senior and older women won the right to live off campus. In January 1968 about 500 women marched to the Women's Residence Council over closing hours; Chancellor J. Carlyle Sitterson at first rejected self-limiting hours, but in November junior and senior women won them with their parents' consent. After a petition with 3,904 names and marches to Lenoir Hall and the chancellor's house, Sitterson allowed experimental open houses in December 1968, though President William Friday kept the open-door rule in 1969. From 1970 self-limiting hours reached all women students, Morrison became a permanent coed hall, and students pressed for each hall to set its own visitation, which the University turned down in 1971. Coed housing spread through 1973, but in 1974 the dean of student affairs ended room-by-room coed living in Winston, and the trustees upheld him. StorylineThe Thomas Jefferson Award at UNC, 1965–20041965–2004 · 9 events · UNC's Thomas Jefferson Award, a cash prize paid from the income of a gift, went to the faculty member whose life best reflected the spirit of Jefferson. Winners included historian Fletcher M. Green in 1965, former chancellor William B. Aycock in 1967, physicist Eugen Merzbacher in 1972, Walter Spearman in 1978, political scientist Richard Richardson in 1987 and orthopedic surgeon Frank Wilson in 1992. Law professor Charles E. Daye won it in 2004. StorylineChapel Hill and Carrboro town and school board elections, 1965–19771965–1977 · 25 events · Sandy McClamroch won a third term as mayor of Chapel Hill in 1965 and was re-elected in 1967, both times by wide margins. The 1965 election also chose three members of the school board. Before the 1967 vote some registrars turned away students living in University dormitories, and that May voters returned two aldermen, brought back a former one and elected David Ethridge, while Gene Strowd lost the seat he had held for 12 years. Howard Lee won second and third terms as mayor in 1971 and 1973, Carrboro elected Robert Wells mayor, and in 1973 voters put the first UNC student on the Chapel Hill board and returned Edwin Caldwell, the school board's only Black member. In 1975 James C. Wallace defeated Gerry Cohen for mayor in the first election under Chapel Hill's new charter, and Ruth West and the Carrboro Community Coalition won in Carrboro. In 1977 Robert Drakeford became what the Daily Tar Heel called Carrboro's first Black mayor. StorylineSDS, SSOC and the student left at UNC, 1965–19691965–1969 · 14 events · A UNC chapter of Students for a Democratic Society organized in 1965, invited the barred speakers Frank Wilkinson and Herbert Aptheker in 1966 and started a paper, the Left Heel. In 1968 the Southern Student Organizing Committee founded a UNC chapter, ran a "Disorientation" for new students, backed the Durham Black Solidarity boycott, petitioned for dormitory visitation and started the Radish, and that October the University stopped sending security officers to campus political meetings. The Chapel Hill Revolutionary Movement formed in the fall of 1969 and disbanded in December. StorylineStudents for Teachers, 19651965 · 3 events · In May 1965 students formed Students for Teachers after the English Department declined to rehire a lecturer known for his teaching, who said he was let go for not publishing. After a rally in Y Court and a march to South Building, Chancellor Paul F. Sharp named faculty members to a joint faculty-student committee on teaching and the student role in academic affairs and sent the dismissal to the faculty hearings committee. StorylineUNC's enrollment boom, 1965–19731965–1973 · 8 events · UNC's enrollment at Chapel Hill grew from about 12,000 in 1965 to 19,396 in 1973, setting a record nearly every fall. By 1970 it had doubled since 1960 and outrun the dormitories, and in 1971 nearly 1,300 students lived three to a room or in converted lounges. StorylineLosing old Franklin Street buildings, and the Preservation Society, 19661966 · 7 events · In 1966 fire twice gutted the Patterson Building on East Franklin Street, which the Daily Tar Heel had called the only building left of the original town, and its ruins were torn down. The Mary Manning house, where Arthur Nash had boarded, was razed, the Presbyterians sold their 1840s manse, and old buildings on West Franklin Street came down for a shopping center. In September about 50 citizens met at Town Hall to form a Chapel Hill Preservation Society and a committee to save the manse. StorylineWall speeches at the campus line, 19661966–2011 · 20 events · In 1966 the trustees barred Frank Wilkinson and Herbert Aptheker from the campus under the Speaker Ban law, so each spoke to students across the stone wall at McCorkle Place from the Franklin Street sidewalk. Students and the two speakers sued in Dickson v. Sitterson, a federal court struck the law down in 1968, and a marker went up at the wall in 2011. StorylineThe North Carolina Botanical Garden's first decade, 1966–19761966–1976 · 6 events · The North Carolina Botanical Garden opened its Mason Farm grounds in 1966, the year its support foundation was formed under William Lanier Hunt. It added a lake in 1967 and Azalea Hill in 1970. When the University refused it more money in 1973, Chapel Hill voted it $6,000, and in 1976 the Totten Center, its first permanent building, opened. StorylineFraternity house fires, 1966–19771966–1977 · 8 events · Fire damaged or gutted a string of UNC fraternity houses between 1966 and 1977. After the Delta Kappa Epsilon house burned in 1971, the University and the town fire department set a fire-safety policy for Greek houses. In October 1975 police called a fire at the rebuilt DKE house arson, and in the winter of 1976–1977 fires gutted the Pi Kappa Phi and Pi Lambda Phi houses. StorylineThe “To His Coy Mistress” affair, 19661966 · 6 events · In October 1966 Chancellor J. Carlyle Sitterson took graduate instructor Michael Paull out of his freshman English classroom after WRAL-TV reported that he had assigned a theme on seduction, in an assignment on Andrew Marvell's poem "To His Coy Mistress." Students and faculty protested, part-time English instructors threatened to stop teaching, and Sitterson turned the case over to the English Department. Its committee found that Paull had not assigned a theme on seduction, and in November the faculty and Sitterson returned him to his class. StorylineOrange County's school and water bonds, 1966–19671966–1967 · 3 events · In the fall of 1966 the Orange County commissioners postponed a $3 million school bond election, expecting it to fail, and a $650,000 water and sewer bond vote was moved to December. In 1967 voters approved $3 million in school bonds, $1 million for the county schools and $2 million for Chapel Hill's. StorylineBlack student activism at UNCFrom 1967 · 754 events · Black students founded the Black Student Movement at UNC in November 1967. It presented 23 demands to Chancellor J. Carlyle Sitterson in December 1968, backed the cafeteria workers' strike of 1969, and in the 1990s pressed for a freestanding Black cultural center, which opened as the Sonja Haynes Stone Center in 2004. StorylinePreserving affordable housing1967–2024 · 59 events · Chapel Hill opened its first public housing in 1967, brought it under town control after a rent strike in the 1980s, and with Carrboro and the county built the Orange Community Housing and Land Trust from 1991. Conservation districts for Northside and Pine Knolls, inclusionary zoning in 2010, housing bonds in 2016 and 2018 and the Northside land bank followed, and the land trust marked 30 years with 332 permanently affordable homes in 2021. StorylineBirth control for UNC students, 1967–19701967–1970 · 4 events · In 1967 UNC's student health director said the infirmary would not prescribe birth control pills to unmarried women. By the fall of 1970 it was prescribing them confidentially to students who asked, and the student group ECOS sold a contraception guide written by medical students under a Rockefeller Foundation grant. StorylineHoward Fuller, Howard Lee and the social work deanship, 1967–19701967–1970 · 7 events · In 1967 the School of Social Work hired Durham organizer Howard Fuller as a part-time lecturer over the governor's objection, and he resigned in 1968. In 1969 the UNC trustees first refused to consider Mayor Howard Lee for a post in the School of Social Work, then approved him for a lectureship at a lower salary. When Lee criticized Governor Bob Scott the same day, University officials held up the appointment, and Lee withdrew in September, citing pressures inside and outside the University and the cut in pay. In 1970 students protested that Dean C. Wilson Anderson would not be recommended for a second term because of the Fuller and Lee appointments, and Anderson resigned that December. StorylineChapel Hill after the killing of Martin Luther King Jr., April 19681968 · 11 events · The morning after Martin Luther King Jr. was killed in April 1968, Black students held a memorial service in Polk Place and marched through downtown Chapel Hill, where Confederate flags were burned. The mayor proclaimed a period of mourning, police asked merchants to close early, and more than 200 people stood in a silent vigil on Franklin Street. On April 7 about 600 people marched from Y Court to a community service at First Baptist Church, and about 2,000 attended a University service the next day. The Black Student Movement asked Black employees to stay home on the day of the funeral, and in May the Faculty Council took up a proposed King memorial committee on educational opportunity. StorylineFrom campus buses to Chapel Hill Transit, 1968–19901968–1990 · 162 events · Student-run buses began crossing the UNC campus in 1968, and a bus system for the University and the two towns was planned from 1970. Town buses ran for five weeks in 1971 before their money ran out, and voters then turned down a bus tax. Carrboro refused to join a later plan, but in February 1973 Chapel Hill voters approved bonds and a tax. With a federal grant, a University contract for bus passes and used buses from Atlanta, Chapel Hill Transit began running on August 1, 1974 and carried about 259,000 riders in its first eight weeks. The drivers formed a union in 1975, the town leased University airport land for a bus garage, and the buses carried more than two million riders in their first year. Service was cut in 1976 and night buses gave way to shared-ride taxis in 1977, and in 1979 federal aid lowered the bus tax and paid for 17 new buses. From 1980 the town replaced its aging buses with new General Motors buses that knelt at the curb and carried wheelchair lifts, finished a maintenance and operations facility and reshaped its routes, running nine from the fall of 1982. Ridership slipped in 1981, fares rose, and the drivers petitioned against the town's purchase of uniforms until they began wearing them in 1983. Ridership, down to 1.81 million in 1984-85, rose again from 1985 to more than 10,000 riders a day as the system added routes and buses. In 1988 a Blue Line began running to Duke, and in 1989 the council approved a park-and-ride lot on N.C. 54, the University opened one on Estes Drive, and the state funded 14 more buses and more park-and-ride lots. In 1990, after carrying more than 2.1 million riders the year before, the buses began running from a new park-and-ride lot on N.C. 54 East, 14 new buses arrived, and drivers complained that tight schedules forced them to speed. StorylineHoward Lee’s campaigns for mayor, Congress, lieutenant governor and the state Senate, 1968–19921968–1992 · 24 events · Howard Lee came into Chapel Hill politics in 1968 through the McCarthy and Hawkins campaigns and the town's stop of the Poor People's Campaign. In May 1969 he defeated Roland Giduz to become Chapel Hill's first Black mayor, and he won second and third terms in 1971 and 1973. In 1972 he ran for Congress against Rep. L. H. Fountain while staying on as mayor, and in 1974 he said he was finishing his last year in office. He left the mayor's office in December 1975 and opened his campaign for lieutenant governor in Chapel Hill in April 1976. In 1984 he ran for Congress again, filing in the 4th District Democratic primary against Rep. Ike Andrews and opening an Orange County campaign office on West Franklin Street. In February 1990 a district Democratic committee elected him to a vacant state Senate seat, and in May 1992 he and Russell Walker narrowly won the 16th District Democratic primary. StorylineDroughts, the Durham lines and Hillsborough water, 1968–19901968–1990 · 79 events · In the fall of 1968 drought dropped University Lake to its lowest level since it was built in 1930. Durham agreed to pipe water to Chapel Hill, and the University paid for nearly all of an emergency line, begun on October 1, that began delivering a million gallons a day on October 27. Chapel Hill's aldermen banned lawn sprinkling and car washing, the University suspended physical education classes, and Carrboro protested a 40 percent rise in its water rate. The ban was lifted in November, and winter rains refilled the lake. The University raised the lake's dam two feet in 1970 and drew Durham water through the pipeline again in the dry falls of 1970 and 1973. A drought in 1976 brought mandatory water restrictions and a second line from Durham. In 1977 the new Orange Water and Sewer Authority bought Durham water with federal drought aid until Durham's own lake ran low, then built a pipeline to buy treated water from Hillsborough, finished in April 1978. Drought returned in 1980, when OWASA drew on its quarry reservoir and bought Hillsborough water, and in 1983, when mandatory restrictions took effect on September 6, Orange County was declared a farm disaster area and the Chapel Hill council asked OWASA to halt new water connections. In 1984 the council tightened the conservation ordinance. In the 1986 drought, in the driest season since 1890, mandatory restrictions ran from July to September and again from October to December, OWASA bought water from Lake Holt in Butner, and the Chapel Hill council moved to hold back building permits in severe shortages. Durham sold OWASA water again in the dry summers of 1987 and 1988. In the dry fall of 1990 northern Orange County's water users were under the county's conservation rules until October rains brought University Lake back to normal. StorylineSelling the Protean Radish, 1968–19701968–1970 · 6 events · In October 1969 a Chapel Hill junior high suspended an 11-year-old for selling the leftist Protean Radish at school, and the school board limited selling in the schools to school groups. Campus police briefly stopped sales of the paper outside Student Stores in 1970, and the Civil Liberties Union and then the boy's father, in a federal suit, challenged the schools' rule. StorylineThe Black Student Movement’s demands, 1968–19691968–1969 · 16 events · In December 1968 the Black Student Movement presented 23 demands to Chancellor J. Carlyle Sitterson, among them special admissions, an Afro-American studies department, a dean of Black students and better treatment of nonacademic workers. The Faculty Council recommended steps toward recruiting Black students, and in January 1969 Sitterson answered that the University could not give unique treatment to any race. Marches through South Building and down Franklin Street followed, and on February 19 Sitterson recognized the BSM as an official organization. In April a faculty committee proposed 23 courses in Black studies, and UNC began its Afro-American Studies curriculum in 1969. StorylineChapel Hill and Carrboro music sceneFrom 1969 · 59 events · Cat's Cradle opened in a small basement club near the UNC campus in 1969 and, after several moves, settled in Carrboro in 1993. With Merge Records, founded in Chapel Hill in 1989, and bands such as Superchunk and Polvo, the local scene drew national press in the early 1990s as a possible "next Seattle." StorylineThe Cat’s Cradle and the “Chapel Hill sound” of the 1990s1969–2020 · 35 events · The Cat’s Cradle opened in 1969, Merge Records was founded in 1989, and by 1992 Superchunk, Polvo, Archers of Loaf and the clubs of Franklin Street had national magazines asking whether Chapel Hill was the next Seattle. The Cradle moved to Carrboro in 1993, Ben Folds Five and the Squirrel Nut Zippers followed, and Merge’s anniversary festivals and the Cradle’s 50th year in 2019 marked a scene that outlived the label hunt. StorylineUNC foodworkers’ struggles, 19691969 · UNC cafeteria workers struck twice in 1969 over pay and working conditions. StorylineThe trustees’ disruptions policy, 1969–19741969–1974 · 16 events · During the March 1969 food workers' strike the UNC trustees' executive committee made disrupting the University grounds for expulsion or dismissal, and over the following months the trustees adopted a full policy against disruption by force, threat or intimidation, with hearing boards on each campus. Student leaders said it ran against the student-run judicial tradition at Chapel Hill. The full board made the policy permanent in October 1969, and in November a hearings committee took up the case of a lecturer who had skipped a class on Moratorium Day. In May 1970 students sat in at South Building against the policy's use after the December cafeteria strike. The University brought its first charges under the policy in April 1970, the trustees revised it that October, and the UNC-Chapel Hill trustees rescinded it in October 1974. StorylineCampus dining, Chase Cafeteria, Lenoir Hall and the meal plan, 1969–19861969–1986 · 22 events · UNC handed campus dining to contractors from 1969: SAGA, then Servomation and, from 1980, ARA Services. In 1982 Chase Cafeteria closed, leaving South Campus residents to walk to North Campus to eat just as hot plates were banned in dorm rooms. A plan paid for by a student fee and a required meal ticket renovated Lenoir Hall's dining rooms and turned Chase's second floor into the South Union, which opened in 1984. In 1985 students formed a committee against the $100 mandatory meal plan, marched on South Building and voted against it in a referendum, but the trustees kept it. After student groups called for ending ARA's contract, Marriott won the campus food service contract in 1986. StorylineFiber Industries and New Hope Creek, 19691969 · 4 events · In the summer of 1969 Fiber Industries asked Orange County to rezone 450 acres near New Hope Creek for a $100 million plant. Chapel Hill's aldermen called the site unfortunate, and UNC and Duke scientists warned of pollution, but the county planning board recommended the rezoning. The company withdrew its request in August, and commissioners chairman Carl Smith blamed its opponents, among them Mayor Howard Lee. StorylineCampus radio: WCAR, WXYC and WUNC-FM, 1969–19941969–1994 · 17 events · The student station WCAR began broadcasting to UNC's dormitories in 1969, and students voted in 1973 to fund its move to FM. The Black Student Movement twice protested to keep the program Black Sounds on its schedule, in 1973 and in 1974. The University's WUNC-FM, silent for lack of money from about 1970, won grants in 1974 and returned to the air as an NPR affiliate in 1976. In 1975 the FCC granted and then set aside a permit for a student FM station after the chancellor withdrew University backing. WCAR went off the air in 1976, and the student station WXYC signed on at 89.3 FM in 1977. StorylineCounting Black students at UNC, 1969–19911969–1991 · 30 events · In 1969 UNC counted 321 Black students, about 2 percent of its enrollment. Black enrollment set records in the early 1980s, reaching 1,927 in fall 1982, while a 1981 study found Black students' graduation rate falling. From 1984 Black freshman enrollment fell, Chapel Hill's Black share dropped from 8.7 to 8.3 percent, and in 1985 Black Ink counted the smallest Black freshman class since 1978. Chapel Hill's Black share fell to 7.48 percent in 1987 even as Black applications rose, and in 1988 the BSM pressed the University on Black graduation rates. In fall 1989 UNC enrolled 400 Black freshmen, and Black enrollment rose to 1,907, 8.14 percent. Black students reached 10.2 percent of undergraduates in fall 1990, and Black enrollment slipped from 2,045 to 2,010 in 1991. StorylineKilling of James Cates, 19701970–2025 · 27 events · James Cates, a Black Chapel Hill man, was stabbed to death in the Pit at UNC in November 1970, and three Durham men were tried and acquitted by an all-white jury in 1971. Memorial marches followed, a remembrance coalition formed, the Justice Department opened a cold-case investigation in 2022, and UNC dedicated a memorial to him in the Pit that year. StorylineHonoring Martin Luther King Jr. in Chapel Hill, 1970–19931970–1993 · 46 events · Mayor Howard Lee proclaimed a Martin Luther King Day in Chapel Hill in January 1970, though UNC declined to close, and the aldermen named the day again in 1973. UNC's Faculty Council struck King's name from a proposed yearly observance in 1977, but a King Memorial Lecture began in 1978 and a campus-wide celebration in 1982. In 1984 Chapel Hill made King's birthday a town holiday. Andrew Young, Max Robinson and Randall Robinson were among the King Memorial Lecture speakers of the 1980s, Carrboro's mayor proclaimed a King Day in 1981, and King's daughters Yolanda and Bernice spoke at UNC's celebrations in 1984 and 1989. UNC held classes on the first federal King holiday in 1986 but, after students petitioned, closed for it in 1988 under new state legislation. Rallies and marches on Franklin Street marked the holiday in 1987 and 1988, and Maya Angelou and June Jordan spoke at UNC in 1988 and 1989. In 1991 a King holiday gathering at the post office opposed the Persian Gulf war and UNC's tenth annual celebration brought C.T. Vivian, and in 1992 an NAACP march and a service at First Baptist Church marked the day. In 1993 UNC housekeepers held a Unity Day dinner in King's honor. StorylineUNC, HEW and the desegregation consent decree, 1970–19881970–1988 · 48 events · HEW pressed UNC from 1970 to do more than open its doors to Black students. The university system's desegregation plan was returned in 1973, and HEW approved a revised plan in June 1974 with a goal of raising Black enrollment at Chapel Hill to 7.1 percent. The Black Student Movement opened its membership to all students that fall, and in 1978 the Board of Governors ratified an agreement with HEW to strengthen the five historically Black campuses. Federal court rulings in 1977 had called for tougher requirements, and HEW rejected the system's plan in 1978 and again in 1979; the Board of Governors sued to block a cutoff of federal funds, and a 1981 consent decree ended the 11-year dispute. The NAACP Legal Defense Fund appealed the decree until the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the case in 1984, and in 1987, with the decree's enrollment goal for the mostly white campuses unmet, the Board of Governors extended it two years. Chapel Hill's Black enrollment kept falling, to 7.48 percent in 1987, and the extended decree expired at the end of 1988 with minority enrollment at the mostly white campuses at about 8.5 percent. StorylineSelling the University’s utilities, 1970–19771970–1977 · 61 events · From 1970 Chapel Hill and Carrboro pressed to take over the water, electric and telephone systems the University owned. Carrboro lost a court fight over a 1970 water rate increase, and in 1972 a state study commission recommended that the University sell its utilities. Bids were opened in April 1974, and that fall the commission chose Southern Bell for the telephone system and Duke Power for electricity and water, over a nonprofit backed by the towns. The trustees asked that the water system go to a local authority, and OWASA, created in 1975, took over the water and sewer systems in 1977. StorylineThe student-fee suits against the Daily Tar Heel and the BSM, 1970–19831970–1983 · 14 events · UNC students voted in 1970 to keep funding the Daily Tar Heel from student fees, and a 1971 bill in the state Senate to end such funding was reported unfavorably in committee. Four students sued in 1972 to stop fee support of the paper, and in 1974 a federal judge ruled against them. That June two law students sued to end fee funding of the Black Student Movement, which opened its membership to all students and joined the suit as a defendant. In 1975 a judge dismissed the BSM suit as moot, in 1976 the U.S. Supreme Court let the rulings for the Daily Tar Heel stand, and in 1979 three students sued again over the paper's political endorsements. A federal judge ruled for the University in the 1979 suit in 1982, and the Fourth Circuit affirmed in 1983. StorylineThe NCNB building and plaza, 1970–19731970–1973 · 6 events · In 1970 North Carolina National Bank planned a six-story building on East Franklin Street, and after more than 1,200 citizens petitioned against its height, the bank switched to a three-story Franklin Street front joined to an office building on Rosemary Street. The bank moved in by 1972, and in January 1973 a shopping corridor opened through the new NCNB Plaza between the two streets. StorylineWomen's complaints and affirmative action at UNC, 1970–19941970–1994 · 67 events · From 1970 UNC women challenged the University's limits on admitting women and its treatment of women employees, through Female Liberation's demands, a federal complaint by the Women's Equity Action League and later complaints by NOW and the Association of Women Students. The Faculty Council's 1973 report found gaps between men and women in hiring, pay and promotion. UNC's first affirmative action plan took effect in July 1973 but was rejected by HEW, and a revised plan followed in 1974; by that fall women made up 17.6 percent of the faculty. A federal agency upheld NOW's complaint in 1976, a religion professor lost her discrimination suit in 1978, and in 1981 Gillian Cell became UNC's first full-time affirmative action officer. In 1980 the Faculty Council's women's committee found no women hired as full professors since 1974, and in 1984 it reported that women in tenure-track posts had barely grown in a decade. Cell left the post in 1983 and in 1985 became dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. The University adopted a maternity leave policy in 1985, and in 1989 the women's committee reported that women held only 9 percent of full professorships. In 1990 and 1991 women in University housing maintenance and the School of Dentistry filed harassment grievances, and in 1992 the women's committee reported that all four full professorships awarded in 1990-91 went to men. In 1993 a state judge found sexual harassment in a Physical Plant grievance and the EEOC found sex discrimination in a tenure denial, and in 1994 the Faculty Council set goals for hiring women. StorylineThe Dey House, the historic district and the Press building, 1970–19921970–1992 · 35 events · In 1971 the Chapel Hill Historical Society fought Delta Upsilon's plan to raze the Dey House for a new fraternity house, and in 1972 the aldermen approved the plan on condition that the house be offered to anyone who would move it. The Chapel Hill Historic District entered the National Register in 1971, the society published a landmarks guide in 1973, and in 1976 the aldermen took up a historic district ordinance. From 1978 the Historic District Commission twice refused the University a certificate for a UNC Press building in the Battle Park neighborhood, and in 1979 the houses on the site came down after the legislature exempted the University from local historic district rules. In 1980 the trustees leased a house near the press site to the Preservation Society to repair, and the Town Council refused to rezone a historic district lot for a sorority house; in 1984 it refused to allow larger bed and breakfast inns in the district. In December 1990 fire gutted the press building, Brooks Hall, and in 1992 the Press began rebuilding it on the same site with sprinklers and fire walls. StorylineChoosing Sitterson’s successor, 1970–19721970–1972 · 8 events · Chancellor J. Carlyle Sitterson announced in July 1970 that he would return to teaching. A committee chaired by Ike Andrews sent President William Friday three names in 1971, but Friday held back his choice while the General Assembly restructured higher education, and Sitterson stayed through the fall. In December 1971 the trustees chose N. Ferebee Taylor, who took office on February 1, 1972 and was installed on University Day that October. StorylineThe University’s landfills and hazardous waste, 1970–19821970–1982 · 5 events · The University ended the towns' free use of its landfill in 1972, leaving Chapel Hill without garbage pickup while a restraining order held up the Eubanks Road site. In 1980 radioactive waste from a UNC lab went out with the trash to the Eubanks Road landfill. In 1982 UNC planned a new hazardous waste building and registered its two old waste landfills under the Superfund law. StorylineChapel Hill and the New Hope dam (Jordan Lake), 1970–19831970–1983 · 11 events · As the New Hope Dam went up downstream in 1970, Chapel Hill's aldermen asked for a study of its environmental effects and of the water standards the town would have to meet. ECOS joined a suit against the Army Corps of Engineers in 1971, and after a 1972 public hearing that ran about 3 to 1 against the dam, the aldermen voted to join the suit. The town kept up the fight after the Corps moved to fill the lake in 1976 and appealed a 1977 ruling that let it go ahead, but in 1979 the aldermen dropped the suit. The Corps closed the dam gates in 1981, and in 1983 the Town Council asked the state to rate the lake for swimming rather than drinking water. StorylineGay Chapel Hill becomes visible, 1971–19741971–1974 · 7 events · Between 1971 and 1974 gay life in Chapel Hill came into the open. A Gay Liberation Front speaker addressed a UNC audience in 1971, and a Daily Tar Heel page on gay people that spring drew a state senator's bill against student-fee support of the paper. A student counseling service began counseling gay men, gay bars opened, and in 1974 a weekly rap group became the Carolina Gay Association, recognized by the University that September. StorylineChapel Hill, Carrboro and the bicycle, 1971–19921971–1992 · 33 events · Chapel Hill lifted its ban on bicycles on its main downtown streets in 1971 and marked bike routes, and Mayor Howard Lee led about 500 riders on a Bike Day parade. The town began ticketing cyclists, studied licensing and safety, and in 1974 began registering bicycles; Carrboro's aldermen took up the Carrboro Cyclists' safety plan that fall. By 1980 Chapel Hill had built its bond-financed bikeways, and from 1980 to 1982 Carrboro built its own with bonds and a federal grant, opening the Jones Ferry Road lanes in 1981 and a railroad-spur path to Chapel Hill in 1982. From 1985 Chapel Hill fined cyclists on downtown sidewalks, the state funded bike lanes on Airport Road and Carr Street in 1987, and in 1989 Carrboro adopted a safety campaign for cyclists and a townwide sidewalk and bikeway plan. In 1990 and 1991 town and University police began bicycle patrols and Carrboro planned a bike path behind Carr Mill Mall, and Chapel Hill, after sending back a helmet rule for all riders, required helmets for riders under 16. StorylineChapel Hill’s food co-ops, 1971–19751971–1975 · 4 events · Between 1971 and 1975 groups in Chapel Hill formed food cooperatives that sold produce and other food to their members below store prices: the Chapel Hill Food Co-op, begun at the Baptist Student Union, a co-op at the Newman Center, the Student Consumer Action Union's co-op at the Multi-Purpose Center and the Community Food Co-op on West Rosemary Street. In two of them, members worked set hours. StorylineAnswering sexual assault in Chapel Hill, 1971–19941971–1994 · 62 events · Women in Chapel Hill organized against sexual assault in the early 1970s: a 1971 rally asked for self-defense classes, a women's assault line opened in 1972 and students began an escort service from the Undergraduate Library. In 1974, as police reported more rapes, volunteers sponsored by NOW founded the rape crisis center that became the Orange County Rape Crisis Center. In 1978 the district attorney added a staff member to work with rape victims, and the rape crisis center hired its first paid worker with town funds. From 1980 students ran night escort services and marched to Take Back the Night, and in 1982 UNC put a written sexual harassment policy into effect. In 1984, as Chapel Hill police linked four rapes to one attacker, the student escort service extended its walks to nearby apartments. Take Back the Night marches returned in 1985, after a UNC graduate student was kidnapped from the Morehead Planetarium lot and killed, and in 1988 and 1989; students held a rape awareness week in 1986, and the escort service became SAFE Escort in 1987. In 1989 UNC made date rape and sexual and racial harassment offenses under the student code. Take Back the Night marches went on in 1990 and 1992. After a rape and two assaults on campus in the fall of 1992, UNC locked its residence halls around the clock and added lighting, and District Attorney Carl Fox, picketed over his acquaintance-rape guidelines, replaced them in November. In 1993 and 1994 Women Against Rape and others pressed the Honor Court, the Faculty Council approved a rape shield and then new sexual assault rules with complainants' rights, and Take Back the Night marches went on. StorylineA football player’s death and the reform of UNC athletics, 1971–19721971–1972 · 6 events · After a varsity football guard died of heat stroke following a September 1971 practice, a faculty committee found no negligence by the coaches, and former players formed a Committee of Concerned Athletes to challenge its report. Chancellor J. Carlyle Sitterson ordered a physician at every practice, and a 1972 Faculty Council report called for a sports medicine program and other changes. The Student Health Service started its Sports Medicine Program in August 1972. StorylineRogers Road environmental justice1972–2019 · 92 events · In 1972 officials placed the county landfill on Eubanks Road beside the historically Black Rogers Road community, promising it would run about ten years. It was expanded instead and did not close until 2013, and residents' organizing through the Rogers-Eubanks Neighborhood Association helped win a sewer line for the neighborhood, completed in 2019. StorylinePlanning downtown Chapel Hill's renewal, 1972–19741972–1974 · 6 events · In 1972 Chapel Hill's aldermen set up a committee to study downtown, which counted its stores and commercial space in 1973 and hired a Raleigh planning firm as new shopping centers threatened downtown trade. In 1974 the board received the committee's report, calling for walkways, new buildings and a redevelopment corporation, and named aldermen to carry it out. StorylineBlack History Week and Month in Chapel Hill, 1972–19851972–1985 · 6 events · The Black Student Movement held its first Black History Week at UNC in 1972, and its 1975 week brought a speaker on Pan-Africanism and a panel with Mayor Howard Lee. Chapel Hill High's Afro-American Club and the Hargraves Community Center held their own programs. In the 1980s Black History Month brought Alex Haley to Memorial Hall and the BSM's Discovery day of seminars for students and alumni. StorylineSickle cell screening and care at UNC, 1972–19821972–1982 · 4 events · The Black Student Movement held a sickle cell conference with free screening in 1972. In 1980 UNC's Student Health Service began free trait testing, and in 1981 North Carolina Memorial Hospital started a weekly sickle cell clinic, whose doctors began a drug trial for sickle cell crises in 1982. StorylineApple Chill and Festifall, 1972–19941972–1994 · 25 events · Chapel Hill's Recreation Department started the Apple Chill Fair in April 1972, and in 1974 it ended with a street fair on Franklin Street. By 1977 a fall street fair, Festifall, was held there too. After Apple Chill crowds reached 25,000 in 1979, the Town Council limited sellers at both fairs to Orange County residents and moved to curb drinking, and that fall's Festifall had half as many booths. Both fairs went on filling Franklin Street through the 1980s. After rain canceled the 1989 Festifall and West End merchants held a fair of their own, the council moved Festifall to West Franklin Street in 1990 and kept it there in 1991. After gunfire on West Franklin Street followed the 1993 Apple Chill, the town added police, kept the spring fair on East Franklin Street and drew about 30,000 people in 1994 with few arrests. StorylineThe farm workers' boycotts, 1972–19761972–1976 · 10 events · From 1972 Chapel Hill supporters of the United Farm Workers backed the union's boycotts of non-union lettuce, grapes and wines. They persuaded the campus food service to buy union lettuce in 1972, and in 1974 the Chapel Hill Friends of the United Farm Workers picketed a grocery, a wine shop and a Carolina Inn banquet for Gloria Steinem, who carried her salad outside. Cesar Chavez spoke in Memorial Hall for the boycotts in 1974, and in 1976 the group picketed a Gallo-funded Olympic benefit dance on campus. StorylineUniversity Mall comes to Estes Drive, 1972–19731972–1973 · 4 events · University Mall was built on Estes Drive in 1972 and 1973 while the state planned to widen the road in front of it. The Chapel Hill aldermen let it open before the widening was done, with a temporary third lane, and the mall opened on August 2, 1973 with room for about 60 stores. StorylinePressing UNC to hire Black faculty, 1972–19921972–1992 · 26 events · In 1972 UNC's Faculty Council urged departments to give first priority to hiring Black faculty, then about half of one percent. In 1982 the Black share was 2.7 percent, down from 3 percent in 1979 and 1980, and students marched to South Building through the winter of 1982-83. The Faculty Council adopted new resolutions in March 1983, and by that fall the count of Black faculty had reached 59, the most in UNC's history. The Faculty Council faulted the slow pace again in 1985, and in 1986 it heard that Black faculty had not grown and that none of 56 new appointments was Black. In 1988 Chancellor Christopher Fordham said Black faculty had fallen from 50 to 48 over three years. University counts from 1989 to 1992 ranged from 42 to 62 Black faculty members, and in 1992 the Committee on Black Faculty reported a gain of only two since 1986. That fall Chuck Stone's survey found 13 of the nation's 61 Black holders of endowed chairs at UNC. StorylineHomecoming queens and the Carolina Pride Award, 1972–19931972–1993 · 8 events · In 1972 UNC's Student Legislature called the Homecoming Queen pageant demeaning to women and asked that it end. From 1976 Black students won the crown four years running, and in 1984 the Carolina Athletic Association introduced the Carolina Pride Award to replace the queen. In 1989 Black Student Movement vice president Tonya Blanks was crowned homecoming queen after a student vote. In 1990 a racist note was left on the car of the new homecoming queen, and in 1993 the BSM's candidate became the fifth Black queen in a row. StorylineHalloween on Franklin Street, 1972–19941972–1994 · 4 events · Chapel Hill held what the Daily Tar Heel called its first two-day Halloween celebration in 1972, with a street fair on Franklin Street. By 1982 a Halloween crowd of about 2,000 blocked the street at midnight. Police closed Franklin Street to traffic for crowds of 12,000 to 15,000 in 1993 and about 35,000 in 1994. StorylineUpendo Lounge, 1972–19851972–1985 · 16 events · The Black Student Movement opened Upendo Lounge in Chase Hall in 1973. In 1976 the University Space Committee gave its room to a cafeteria without consulting the BSM, which marched in silent protest on University Day and at first refused new space upstairs without an apology, then accepted it. The move was put off, and the lounge reopened in 1984 on the second floor of the new South Campus Union, no longer reserved for the BSM. The BSM had first gained the space in 1972. In 1983 Vice Chancellor Harold Wallace upheld the 1976 promise of space upstairs, and in 1984 the Carolina Union board gave the BSM first call on the new lounge for a one-year trial. In April 1985 the board made that priority permanent. StorylineChapel Hill's town managers, 1972–20061972–2006 · 16 events · In January 1973 the Chapel Hill aldermen voted 4 to 1 to dismiss Robert Peck, town manager since 1961, after he refused to resign; Mayor Howard Lee cited two years of disagreement over how he ran the town. The town's purchasing agent resigned in his defense, and Chester Kendzior became town manager that June. In 1974 the aldermen reorganized the town administration under two assistant managers, and in May 1975 Kendzior resigned after Mayor Lee, for five of the six aldermen, asked him to go. Kurt Jenne, Eugene Shipman and David R. Taylor followed Kendzior as town manager from 1975 to 1982; Taylor left at the end of 1989 to head the Chapel Hill-Carrboro Chamber of Commerce, and Cal Horton held the post from 1990 to 2006, the longest tenure of any Chapel Hill town manager. StorylineThe Minority Court and the guaranteed minority seats, 1973–19841973–1984 · 18 events · In 1973 UNC's student attorney general ended the Minority Court, which let Black defendants be tried by a court with three minority justices added. After the Black Student Movement pressed for it, the court was restored that November, and a reform of the student courts approved in 1973 and 1974 wrote minority members into the new Undergraduate Court, which took effect in October 1974. Two students' 1974 suit, Uzzell v. Friday, also challenged the guaranteed minority seats on the Campus Governing Council and the Honor Court. A federal appeals court struck them down in 1977 and again in 1979, after the Supreme Court's Bakke decision, and late in 1979 it agreed to hear the case once more. The appeals court sent the case back to the district court in 1980, and in 1984, after a trial in Durham, Judge Frank W. Bullock Jr. ruled the reserved seats unconstitutional. StorylineCondominium conversions in Chapel Hill and Carrboro, 1973–19841973–1984 · 19 events · Chapel Hill's aldermen approved condominium projects in 1973, with Mayor Howard Lee breaking ties, and turned one down in 1974. From 1980, with rental housing short, the Town Council refused conversions of Graham Court and The Oaks, then approved The Oaks in 1981, and a judge ruled that the town could not stop a realty firm's conversions. Conversions spread in Carrboro and Chapel Hill through 1983. StorylineThe town, the University and paying for the buses, 1973–19921973–1992 · 29 events · Chapel Hill voters approved bonds and a tax for town buses in 1973, and from 1974 the University bought bus passes to pay for campus service. In 1976 and 1977 the town and the University bargained over the price as night service was cut and partly restored, UNC stopped giving free passes with parking permits and the Faculty Council declined to back the system. In 1977 shared-ride taxis replaced the night buses, and the University signed its contract only after a dispute over them. The council raised fares or pass prices each year from 1980 to 1984, beginning with a 62.5 percent rise to meet fuel and operating costs, and student pass sales fell by almost half after the 1980 increase. In 1986, fearing federal cuts to the buses, the town raised its transportation tax to 7 cents. Fares rose again in 1990. In 1992, after a federal cut left the system about $600,000 short, the state gave it $400,000. StorylineThe energy crisis in Chapel Hill, 1973–19741973–1974 · 12 events · The fuel shortages of 1973 and 1974 reached Chapel Hill as gas stations closed to protest federal price rules, heating oil dealers stopped taking new customers and stations limited sales. The University cut its energy use and closed nonessential buildings over the 1973 holidays, and Mayor Howard Lee named an energy task force. By late January 1974 nearly every station had run dry; dealers agreed on set pumping hours, the attorney general sued five stations over tie-in sales, and the county's energy coordinator pressed federal officials for more gasoline. StorylineTitle IX at UNC and in the Chapel Hill schools, 1973–19771973–1977 · 14 events · From 1973 UNC women used federal sex-discrimination rules to press for equal treatment, filing complaints over intramurals and tuition residency rules. Under Title IX the University set up a grievance committee, opened single-sex groups and a men's dormitory to women and raised the athletic fee to build women's sports, while a 1977 report counted three athletic grants for women against 257 for men. Chapel Hill High began a coeducational gym class in 1976. StorylineWatergate and impeachment at UNC, 19731973 · 6 events · In the fall of 1973, after the firing of the Watergate special prosecutor, more than 700 people rallied in the Pit for President Nixon's impeachment, student body presidents launched a statewide drive, and most voters in a campus referendum said Nixon should resign or be removed. Senators Sam Ervin and George McGovern spoke at UNC that fall. StorylineRewriting Chapel Hill’s charter: from Board of Aldermen to Town Council, 1973–19791973–1979 · 11 events · In 1973 Chapel Hill's aldermen created a Charter Commission, which recommended eight aldermen with staggered four-year terms and a four-year mayor. In 1975 the board sent the rewritten charter to the General Assembly rather than to a referendum, and Mayor Howard Lee broke ties to keep it there and to limit its human services powers. The new charter was first used that November. In 1977 the board sought a fair-housing power, and in 1979 it renamed itself the Town Council. StorylineOpening the Morehead awards to women, 1973–19771973–1977 · 6 events · In 1973 the Orange County Morehead committee refused to interview a Chapel Hill High senior because she was a woman. Faculty women and then the Faculty Council asked the Morehead Foundation to open its undergraduate awards to both sexes, and NOW and the Association of Women Students prepared a court challenge. In July 1974 the foundation's trustees voted to accept women, and its first women scholars were chosen in 1975. StorylineThe Carolina Indian Circle and Native American students at UNC, 1974–19941974–1994 · 11 events · Native American students organized at UNC in 1974 and were recognized as the Carolina Indian Circle in 1975. The circle held Indian culture weeks in 1977 and 1989 and petitioned in 1985 for public purchase of the Hillsborough Archaeological District. In 1989 it asked Chancellor Hardin to recruit Native American students and faculty, and in 1990 it rallied for Native American faculty as UNC hired Adolph Dial and Randy Hill as visiting professors. Black Ink reported that UNC hired its first Native American administrator about 1994. StorylinePublic housing and the Chapel Hill Housing Authority, 1974–19941974–1994 · 41 events · In 1974 two Chapel Hill Housing Authority commissioners resigned, saying the merged authority neglected housing, and Mayor Howard Lee's inquiry found bad judgment by some employees but no scandal. That spring the director asked two senior staff members to resign. Public housing tenants accused the authority and its director of unfair practices in 1979. In 1981 the Chapel Hill Town Council approved public housing duplexes at Piney Mountain over neighbors' petitions and a suit the town won in 1982, and in 1982 Carrboro's aldermen approved 30 units off North Greensboro Street, Oakwood Apartments. After a rent strike in the 1980s and deep federal cuts, the authority's board voted in 1987 to become a town agency, and the town took over public housing as a town department. HUD grants in 1988 and 1989 paid for 24 new units and for repairs, and a 1988 settlement refunded tenants' utility overcharges. In 1991 public housing residents marched for affordable housing, safer streets and better wages. In 1992 the town added drug-activity rules to its public housing leases, refused to reinstate evicted tenants who were acquitted, and put two residents on its Housing Advisory Board. From 1993 residents pressed the town over repairs with a videotape of conditions, and in 1994 the council formed a special committee with residents, the Airport Road units were finished and the Residents Council won a federal training grant. StorylineFounding women’s studies at UNC, 1974–19771974–1977 · 6 events · In 1974 a UNC committee on minorities recommended a women's studies curriculum, and the Faculty Council called for a study. A committee under Richard L. Simpson heard students and faculty in 1975, and that September the council approved its plan for a program. A search for a director followed, and in 1977 the University approved the program with Mary Turner Lane as director. StorylineThe AWS Women's Festivals, 1974–19781974–1978 · 5 events · In February 1974 the Association of Women Students held a two-week Women's Festival at UNC, which the Daily Tar Heel called the first on campus, with panels, films, plays and music. Gloria Steinem spoke on sex and race, Jane Fonda spoke against the Vietnam War, and Judge Elreta Alexander spoke on equal justice. The 1978 festival ran a week, with an ERA rally and a keynote by former U.S. Rep. Bella Abzug. StorylineThe 1974 apartment foreclosures in Chapel Hill and Carrboro1974 · 5 events · In the fall of 1974 Roberts Associates, builder of most of the apartment complexes around Chapel Hill and Carrboro, left tenants of its new Old Well Apartments without appliances and owed Carrboro back taxes, then filed for reorganization in November as lenders moved to auction five of its complexes. Foreclosure also began that month on the Foxcroft and Chateau apartments. StorylineExpanding the Mason Farm sewage plant, 1974–19811974–1981 · 10 events · In 1974 Chapel Hill chose to enlarge its Mason Farm sewage plant rather than join Durham's system. The overloaded plant forced a halt to building permits in 1976. OWASA received an EPA planning grant in 1978, and after a second federal review the EPA approved raising the plant's capacity from 5.5 to 8 million gallons a day in November 1979. In 1981 OWASA won nearly $10 million in federal and state aid, got a town permit and let contracts for the work, and the state held up sewer extensions until the plant was finished. StorylineChapel Hill's greenways, 1975–19911975–1991 · 12 events · Chapel Hill set aside its first greenway money in 1975 and by 1977 had approved a seven-mile path around town. Volunteers built the Tanyard Branch greenway in 1985, the year the town created a Greenways Commission, and in 1986 residents called a plan for stream easements vague and hurried. The council funded new trails in 1986 and 1988 while the county dropped a rural trails project, and in 1989 Chapel Hill joined a study of the New Hope Corridor greenway. In 1990 neighbors objected to paving the Bolin Creek greenway, whose first phase the council approved in 1991, and that fall the towns and the county heard comment on the New Hope Corridor open space plan. StorylineThe Equal Rights Amendment campaign in Chapel Hill, 1975–19811975–1981 · 7 events · Chapel Hill's aldermen endorsed the Equal Rights Amendment in 1975, and an Orange-Chatham coalition opened a local ratification drive in 1976. Supporters picketed the 1977 unveiling of a bust of Sam Ervin, who had spoken against the amendment before the state Senate defeated it, and rallies in the Pit in 1978 heard Miriam Slifkin and state Sen. Kathy Sebo. In 1980 a campus group formed to oppose ratification, and in 1981 Betty Friedan and Phyllis Schlafly debated the amendment in Memorial Hall. StorylineChapel Hill's police chiefs and the public safety department, 1975–19941975–1994 · 20 events · Chapel Hill hired Sidney Hilliard from Florida as police chief in 1975; after he resigned in 1977, Herman Stone, who had joined the force in 1949, led the department until he retired in January 1987. A 1985 consultant's report proposed merging police and fire into a public safety department, and the council created a public safety director's post in 1987, but the town put off filling it. Arnold Gold, interim chief since Stone's retirement, became chief in 1988. Cal Horton was public safety director by 1990, when the town named Daniel Jones fire chief. In 1991 the council moved to split the public safety department into police and fire departments, and after Gold retired in 1992 Ralph Pendergraph became chief. In October 1993 the council ended the cross-trained public safety system and split police and fire services, and in 1994 Chapel Hill and Carrboro agreed to run their fire departments in cooperation. StorylineThe Black Student Movement's student-fee budget, 1975–19851975–1985 · 20 events · The Black Student Movement drew its budget from student fees set by the Campus Governing Council, which froze its funds in 1975, 1978 and 1982 and cut its requests in 1976, 1977, 1981 and 1982. Members crowded budget hearings and marched on South Building in 1975, and disputes over the Gospel Choir's religious character reached the Student Supreme Court in 1983. In 1984 the council sent the BSM's bid for guaranteed funding to a student referendum. Students voted the measure down in February 1985, 2,261 to 2,203, and after the Elections Board put it back on the runoff ballot over uneven poll closings, rejected it again, 2,350 to 2,256. StorylineBuilding Davis Library and renewing Wilson Library, 1975–19881975–1988 · 17 events · In 1975 UNC's trustees chose the Union parking lot, the old Emerson Field, as the site of a new central library, and in 1976 the Board of Governors put $22.6 million from the sale of the campus utilities toward it. Site work began in October 1979, and the Walter Royal Davis Library opened on February 17, 1984. The trustees named the building for Walter R. Davis in 1981, and the general collection moved from Wilson Library in January and February 1984. Governor Jim Martin dedicated Davis Library in 1985, and in 1986 engineers found its east floor settling. Wilson Library, under renovation from 1984, reopened in 1987 as the home of UNC's special collections. StorylineStudents on the town boards and the student liaisons, 1976–19891976–1989 · 7 events · In 1976 Carrboro's aldermen asked Student Government for students to fill a Planning Board seat. In 1985, pressed by student leaders after Lightning Brown resigned, the Chapel Hill Town Council appointed graduate student Meg Parker to its Planning Board. State law barred a student seat on the council, so Chapel Hill created a Student Government liaison in 1988, and Carrboro followed in 1989. StorylineThe Orange County Women's Center and the battered women's shelter, 1977–19881977–1988 · 19 events · A YWCA coalition began helping battered women in Durham and Chapel Hill in 1977, and in 1981 it opened a shelter house in Chapel Hill. An anonymous gift founded the Orange County Women's Center in 1979, which housed women's services and began peer counseling. After its board voted in 1982 to suspend operations unless money came in, an anonymous donor offered a $20,000 challenge grant to hire a director. From 1985 the center sought to move its offices to a house on Henderson Street; the Town Council approved the move in 1987 over Cobb Terrace neighbors' opposition, and a 1988 settlement of their suit upheld it with limits on the house's use. StorylineThe PTA Thrift Shop and the Chapel Hill-Carrboro schools, 1977–19891977–1989 · 5 events · The PTA Thrift Shop, run by the Chapel Hill and Carrboro PTAs, gave its profits to the local schools. It turned over $61,479 in 1977, opened a second store in its own building on Jones Ferry Road in Carrboro by 1979 and cleared $250,202 in the year ending June 1985. In 1989 it decided to buy the lot beside the Carrboro store for an addition. In 1989 the shops gave the schools $279,000, their largest donation yet. StorylineThe Daily Tar Heel and student government, 1977–19941977–1994 · 5 events · A board of students, faculty and community members took charge of the Daily Tar Heel's business side in 1977, and the paper moved to incorporate as a nonprofit in 1989. Students ended the election of its editor in 1992. In 1994 they ended student government's appointments to its board and barred it from ever receiving student fees. StorylineBlack admissions at UNC: Bakke, Dean Renwick and the university affairs office, 1977–19831977–1983 · 26 events · In 1977 Chancellor Ferebee Taylor made Dean Hayden Renwick his adviser on raising minority enrollment. In 1978, as two white applicants sued the law school in a case likened to Bakke, Renwick charged that UNC was turning away qualified Black applicants. The University answered with its largest Black enrollment to date, and Taylor denied the charge before the Faculty Council. A faculty committee in 1979 found Black enrollment growth unsatisfactory but did not uphold most of the charges. In 1980 the Faculty Council asked for a minority affairs post reporting to the chancellor, and Chancellor Christopher Fordham created a vice chancellorship for university affairs, which Harold Wallace took up that December. Renwick sued two newspaper companies in 1981 over an editorial on his 1978 column; the suit was dismissed in 1982 and revived on appeal in 1983. StorylineGay and Lesbian Awareness Week at UNC, 1978–19941978–1994 · 17 events · The Carolina Gay Association held its first Gay Awareness Week in March 1978, and the week of films, talks and workshops became a yearly event with a Blue Jeans Day. Its notices on the cube were defaced in the early years. Speakers over the years included Jeff Levi, Tom Duane and Mandy Carter. In 1994 the week took the name Celebration Week. StorylineBuilding and opening the Dean E. Smith Center, 1978–19891978–1989 · 30 events · UNC planned a basketball arena and athletic complex for the former Baity land in 1978, and in 1980 the trustees and the Chapel Hill Town Council approved a center seating about 22,000. Private gifts and an Educational Foundation loan paid for it, and students won a better seating plan in 1982. In 1983 and 1984 engineers reviewed a former subcontractor's charges about its steel and then cracks in its beams. After a delay the center opened as the Dean E. Smith Student Activities Center with a win over Duke on January 18, 1986, and was dedicated that September. It lost about $120,000 in its first year but drew almost 1.02 million people to 72 events by early 1988, and in 1989 the athletic director added lower-level seats for students. StorylineSonja Haynes Stone’s tenure case, 1979–19811979–1981 · 8 events · In 1979 UNC denied tenure to Sonja Haynes Stone, director of the Afro-American Studies curriculum, and Black students marched to South Building and sat in. After she appealed and students rallied again, the trustees asked for a rehearing and then recommended tenure, which the Board of Governors granted in July 1980 without promoting her to associate professor. By 1981 she was pursuing the promotion in court. Students gathered outside South Building for her again in April 1980, the day the trustees met. StorylineNew hotels and the room tax in Chapel Hill, 1979–19871979–1987 · 9 events · In 1979 Chapel Hill approved the 148-room Hotel L'Europe on the bypass. In 1985 the Planning Board approved a Hampton Inn nearby and the 80-room Siena Hotel on the former Brady's Restaurant site, where neighbors objected until an agreement was reached in 1986. The Hampton Inn opened in January 1987, a 3 percent room tax took effect that July over the University's opposition, and the Siena was set to open that fall. StorylineChapel Hill answers the Greensboro killings and verdicts, 1979–19841979–1984 · 10 events · After five people were killed at an anti-Klan rally in Greensboro in 1979, about 200 people held a silent vigil at the Chapel Hill post office. When a Greensboro jury acquitted six Klansmen and Nazis in November 1980, UNC students held a vigil, more than 800 marched to South Building and 1,526 signed petitions to the Justice Department. After the 1984 federal acquittals, Chapel Hill held a rally, a vigil and a teach-in. StorylineGraham Street neighbors and the Elliot’s Nest disco, 19801980 · 5 events · In January 1980 residents of South Graham Street, a predominantly Black neighborhood in Chapel Hill, petitioned the town and the state over noise, litter and parking from patrons of the Elliot's Nest disco. The state refused the club a beer and wine permit and it closed, and the council banned night parking on the street. In March the state ABC Board denied the permit, a ruling expected to close the club for good. StorylineDraft registration, the nuclear freeze and Grenada: peace protest in Chapel Hill, 1980–19881980–1988 · 19 events · Chapel Hill residents and UNC students held vigils against the return of draft registration in 1980. In 1981 and 1982 they signed nuclear freeze petitions, the Town Council accepted 7,000 signatures and marchers walked from Carrboro to campus. The 1983 invasion of Grenada brought rival rallies in the Pit, a law faculty letter to President Reagan and a teach-in, and a protest marked its anniversary in 1984. In 1985 the county commissioners called a state plan to move Durham residents to Chapel Hill in a nuclear attack unrealistic, and students marched against the Strategic Defense Initiative, which they protested again in 1986 and 1988. StorylineCurbing drive-in businesses in Carrboro and Chapel Hill, 1980–19821980–1982 · 9 events · In 1980 Carrboro's aldermen fought a Wendy's drive-in at Main and Greensboro streets, first in court and then with a zone for drive-in restaurants that a judge struck down; the restaurant opened that September under a restraining order. Chapel Hill barred most drive-in businesses that April, repealed the ban in September and then could not agree on standards, and in 1982 it granted Wendy's a drive-in window on the bypass. StorylineThe College Curriculum Report, 1980–19821980–1982 · 6 events · In 1980 UNC revised its undergraduate requirements in the College Curriculum Report, which grew out of the 1979 Thornton report. Black faculty and students objected that it neglected Black studies and that a required Western history course could not be met through Afro-American Studies. The Faculty Council approved the curriculum in 1981, and it took effect with the freshmen of fall 1982. StorylineThe Northside redevelopment plan and eminent domain, 1980–19821980–1982 · 8 events · From 1980 Chapel Hill spent most of a $2.1 million federal community development grant in Northside and Pine Knolls, tying housing aid to low-income tenants. A redevelopment plan letting the town condemn substandard and vacant lots for low-income housing drew protests from residents and landowners, but the council adopted it in April 1981. The town also moved to condemn a Caldwell Street Extension home to straighten a street and, in 1982, two lots for a greenway. StorylinePublic drinking and the drinking age in Chapel Hill and Carrboro, 1980–19861980–1986 · 13 events · Chapel Hill extended its ban on drinking in public to parks in 1980 and began strict enforcement in August 1981, with plainclothes officers on Franklin Street and near fraternity court. A plan let those cited before October 6 take an alcohol course and have the charge dismissed, and arrests rose through 1982. That fall the Town Council created a task force to look at alcohol problems beyond police enforcement. Carrboro banned drinking beer and wine on town property in 1985. As the state drinking age rose to 21 in 1986, UNC barred students under 21 from drinking on campus, a crowd of up to 10,000 took over Franklin Street on the last legal night, and Chancellor Christopher Fordham banned public drinking on campus. StorylineChapel Hill's growth debate and its density limits, 1981–19871981–1987 · 26 events · Chapel Hill had regulated density by floor area ratios since 1981 and added limits on dwellings per acre in 1983, and in 1984 a court upheld its denial of the Oxford Hills apartments. In 1984 Chapel Hill residents worried about water, traffic and open space formed the Alliance of Neighborhoods, and a town task force warned that developments already approved would strain water and roads. The Alliance's petition for a six-month moratorium on new development drew 3,835 signatures, but in November the council turned it down and set hearings on growth rules instead. In 1985 and 1986 the council tightened its Development Ordinance, lowered its density caps and adopted a new land use plan, and it issued no apartment permits in 1986 as a glut left more than 1,300 apartments vacant. StorylineUNC women’s soccer national dynasty1981 to present · 29 events · Anson Dorrance, the program's head coach from its first varsity season in 1979 through 2023, led the Tar Heels to the 1981 AIAW national title and 21 NCAA titles, and his successor Damon Nahas added the 2024 NCAA title, for 23 national championships in all through the 2025 season. UNC won 22 of the 43 NCAA tournaments held from 1982 through 2024, and its teams went 103 consecutive games without a loss from 1986 to 1990. StorylineChapel Hill protests over U.S. policy in Central America, 1981–19891981–1989 · 20 events · From 1981 Chapel Hill groups protested U.S. military aid to El Salvador with leafleting, vigils at the Franklin Street post office and a march across campus, and marked the anniversaries of Archbishop Oscar Romero's killing. In 1983 a sanctuary group sought a church for refugees and a statewide coalition met in Murphey Hall; a 1984 teach-in debated the Kissinger report, and a vigil opposed intervention in Nicaragua. From 1985 the protests turned to aid for the Contras, with a march on Rep. Bill Cobey's office, an unofficial referendum outside the polls, a silent protest at a Contra leader's speech and roadside crosses; in 1988 about 200 people marched against troops sent to Honduras. StorylineRacial incidents and race relations at UNC, 1981–19921981–1992 · 25 events · In late 1981 the Black Student Movement and the Black Greek Council brought to light a run of assaults and threats against Black students and asked the administration to act. Chancellor Fordham promised clearer reporting procedures, and in 1982 the University formed a Study Committee on Race Relations. A survey found most Black students had met discrimination in Chapel Hill. In 1987 and 1988 racial slurs aimed at a Black MBA student and at a residence hall staff member led to racial awareness training and to Teague Residence Hall being made coed, and students founded RACIAL to promote discussion. In 1989 UNC held what the Daily Tar Heel called its first race relations symposium and Race Relations Week. Defaced posters and a noose on two Black students' door marked 1991 and 1992, statewide reports ranked Orange County high in hate crimes, and a chancellor's committee found the campus climate chilly. In 1992 students and residents marched after the Rodney King verdict, and Chancellor Hardin sought advice from Black community leaders. StorylineThe Carolina Gay and Lesbian Association, B-GLAD and student-fee funding, 1982–19941982–1994 · 46 events · From 1982 the Carolina Gay Association held a yearly Gay Awareness Week ending in Blue Jeans Day, and in 1983 a seminar on AIDS and gay civil rights. In 1984 The Landmark attacked its student-fee funding, President William Friday sent an anti-gay letter attacking the University to the SBI, and about 300 people rallied against such letters. In 1985 the group became the Carolina Gay and Lesbian Association. From 1985 Students for America, the Chapel Hill Eight and Campus Watch fought the association's student-fee funding. Student government funded it every year through 1989, though a nonbinding 1988 referendum went against the funding, 3,195 to 2,285. Student Congress members tried to end the funding again in 1991 and 1992, and a 1992 budget rider calling for review of the group's publications was blocked by the student court and struck by the next congress. The association renamed itself B-GLAD in 1992, and Student Congress passed its budget 21 to 7 in 1993. In 1993 the Honor Court acquitted the two former congress members who had circulated the list, and in 1994 Student Congress cut all funding for Lambda while B-GLAD hosted a statewide student summit. StorylineThe South Africa divestment campaign at UNC and Chapel Hill's sanctions, 1982–19941982–1994 · 59 events · From 1982 students pressed UNC to sell its holdings in companies doing business in South Africa. Students voted two to one for divestment in 1983, but the endowment board refused, citing its duty to maximize returns. The BSM renewed the campaign in 1984, the endowment board sold four holdings in 1986, and the University agreed to divest in 1987. Students voted for divestment again in 1986 and built shanties at South Building, where some were arrested; UNC had sold more than $4 million in holdings by October 1987. Chapel Hill adopted sanctions against South Africa in 1986 and repealed them in January 1994, and that March the endowment board lifted its ban on such investments. StorylineThe Morehead Planetarium star, 1982–19841982–1984 · 4 events · The lighted star that advertised Morehead Planetarium's Christmas show was taken down in December 1982 at Chancellor Christopher Fordham's request, after a law professor called it a religious symbol on a state building, and it stayed down in 1983. Citing a Supreme Court ruling on a nativity scene, Fordham lifted his order in 1984, and the star went back up that November. StorylineThe joint Chapel Hill-Carrboro thoroughfare plan, 1983–19841983–1984 · 14 events · In 1983 Chapel Hill and Carrboro took a joint thoroughfare plan to crowded hearings, and Chapel Hill's boards dropped roads across the University's Mason Farm. The towns then split over extending Estes Drive toward Interstate 40, which Carrboro wanted. A compromise failed in April 1984, each town sent the state its own plan, and that August state transportation officials endorsed Chapel Hill's. StorylineDavid Garrow's reappointment case, 1983–19851983–1985 · 7 events · In 1983 UNC's political science department declined to reappoint David J. Garrow, a historian of Martin Luther King Jr., after a 10 to 9 faculty vote. Students gathered more than 2,500 signatures and Coretta Scott King protested, but his appeals failed through the Board of Governors in 1984, and he left for City College of New York. American Civil Liberties Union lawyers represented him in the appeals. StorylineIntegrating UNC's residence halls, 1983–19951983–1995 · 17 events · In 1983 most Black students at UNC lived on South Campus and most white students on North Campus. Students at a November forum and a 1984 student task force rejected random room assignment, which the task force called forced integration, and favored incentives and a pilot interracial floor instead. In March 1984 the Faculty Council asked University Housing to open a voluntary integrated floor on North Campus. A Student Government plan for an interracial North Campus dormitory stalled in 1986, and in 1987 the Unitas multicultural program opened in a wing of Carmichael Residence Hall. In 1990 two-thirds of Black campus residents still lived in four South Campus high-rises. In 1991 BSM leaders moved to North Campus and the Housing Advisory Board approved reserving spaces for Black students in nine North Campus halls, a four-year trial that drew 48 applicants in 1992; in 1995 a Diversity Program set aside North and Middle Campus rooms for minority students. StorylineUNC’s libraries in the budget squeeze, 1983–19921983–1992 · 15 events · UNC's library marked its three millionth volume in 1983, but from 1989 rising prices and state budget cuts forced it to cancel journals, shorten hours and buy fewer than half the books it had bought in 1984-85, and its rankings fell. Chancellor Hardin named a task force in 1990, and seniors, parents, Walter Royal Davis and other donors gave money for books. StorylineHuman Rights Week at UNC, 1983–19921983–1992 · 13 events · Human Rights Week, run by the Campus Y, brought speakers to Memorial Hall each November. Crystal Lee Sutton and Amnesty International USA's director spoke in 1983, James Baldwin opened the 1984 week, Coretta Scott King spoke in 1987 and Atlanta mayor Andrew Young gave the 1988 keynote. The seventh annual week in 1989 brought Arun Gandhi, Dith Pran and a panel on the problems facing Black men, and Randall Robinson gave the keynote in 1990. Winnie Mandela's 1990 appearance was called off, and in 1992 Rep. Maxine Waters praised the students' campaign for a free-standing Black Cultural Center. StorylineThe Campus Y dispute and Students for a Student Voice, 1984–19861984–1986 · 8 events · In 1984 the Campus Y's advisory board voted to go inactive in the national YWCA. In the fall of 1985 its new director dismissed associate director George Gamble, and student vigils and rallies followed until she agreed he would stay on. Students for a Student Voice then led a January 1986 rally of about 500 at South Building against the Division of Student Affairs, and Chancellor Fordham named a panel to review the division. StorylineFounding the Black Cultural Center, 1984–19891984–1989 · 24 events · A planning committee formed in 1984 sought a Black Cultural Center at UNC, and the Black Student Movement objected as the plan shrank to about 1,500 square feet in the Carolina Union. The center held a pre-opening in 1987 and opened on July 1, 1988 under director Margo Crawford. The BSM pressed for a permanent building, and in 1989 planners released a feasibility study for one. StorylineThe new Chapel Hill Public Library and the old one on Franklin Street, 1984–19941984–1994 · 19 events · Chapel Hill voters approved $4 million for a new public library in 1986, and planned it for Estes Drive beside a new town park, Pritchard Park. When voters turned down $3 million more in 1990, the building was cut from 47,000 to 27,000 square feet. The council approved its permit in 1991 and awarded the construction contracts in June 1992. The new library opened in Pritchard Park in May 1994. The council weighed a museum, offices and other tenants for the old building on Franklin Street before agreeing in September to let the Chapel Hill Day Care Center use it rent-free. StorylineChoosing William Friday’s successor, 1985–19861985–1986 · 6 events · In January 1985 the UNC Board of Governors began its search for a successor to William Friday, president since 1956. The board chose C. D. Spangler Jr., a Charlotte businessman, in January 1986; Friday retired at midnight on February 28, and Spangler took office on March 1. Spangler was inaugurated on Polk Place on October 17, 1986 before about 4,500 people. StorylineRosemary Square and the Rosemary Street deck, 1985–19941985–1994 · 34 events · In January 1985 Chapel Hill contracted with the Fraser Company to replace its Rosemary Street parking lot with a hotel, shops and a shared parking deck. Former mayor Jim Wallace opposed it and won the mayor's race, residents sued, and the N.C. Supreme Court upheld the deal in 1987. After five extensions and slow sales of condominium-hotel units, the developers gave up in April 1989, and the town began planning its own garage. In August 1990 the council approved $5.2 million for a 315-space deck and plaza at Rosemary and Henderson streets, and work on the $7.3 million deck was under way by October 1991. The deck opened in September 1993, and in 1994 the town refinanced it through a new town corporation. StorylineThe Inter-Faith Council shelter and the old municipal building, 1985–19911985–1991 · 34 events · In January 1985 Chapel Hill let the Inter-Faith Council open a temporary homeless shelter in the basement of the old police building, and its Community Kitchen moved to Merritt Mill Road. After searches for other sites, the council leased the building to the IFC in 1987 and kept the shelter there in 1988 over downtown merchants' objections. Renovation began in 1989, and the kitchen was to join the shelter there. The shelter and the kitchen reopened together in the renovated building in June 1990 and were dedicated as Community House that September. Use kept rising, to 897 guests in 1991, and in August 1991 some residents at a town crime task force meeting blamed the shelter for downtown crime. StorylineThe Chapel Hill-Carrboro merger study, 1985–19861985–1986 · 4 events · In 1985 Mayors Joe Nassif and Jim Porto asked for an outside study of merging Chapel Hill and Carrboro, and The Chapel Hill Newspaper raised the money from private donors. The Chapel Hill-Carrboro Chamber of Commerce backed the study that fall. In January 1986 the Carrboro aldermen endorsed it 5 to 2, adding that they committed no public money and did not endorse merger. StorylineChapel Hill’s sign rules and the neon ban, 1985–19891985–1989 · 6 events · In 1985 Chapel Hill tightened its sign rules, limiting new signs to 8 feet and banning pole signs, and by 1987 the owners of about 230 nonconforming signs had been given three years to comply. As the grace period ended in 1989, downtown merchants and the copy shop Copytron pressed the town to allow neon, and merchants brought a petition with more than 1,600 signatures. On June 12, 1989 the Town Council voted 6 to 2 to lift the neon ban. StorylineRenovating the Ackland Art Museum, 1985–19911985–1991 · 6 events · In 1985 the UNC trustees approved a $2.8 million renovation of the Ackland Art Museum. The museum moved out its collection in 1988, and the University-paid $3 million work, finished in April 1990, roughly doubled its gallery space. The Ackland reopened in December 1990 on the Day Without Art, received grants for a paper conservation laboratory, and opened more renovated galleries in March 1991. StorylineProtests against CIA recruiting at UNC, 1985–19901985–1990 · 23 events · Students rallied against CIA recruiting at UNC from 1985, and six protesters were arrested in Hanes Hall in 1987. In 1988 a fast and a confrontation at the University Inn ended the law school interviews, the trustees called the protest violent, and a Coalition for Freedom to Dissent and the Faculty Council answered them. The protests went on in 1989 with a radio tower climb and a mock graveyard. In February 1990 the committee protested CIA interviews at the law school, charging that the agency refused to hire gay men and lesbians. StorylineAffordable homeownership in Chapel Hill and Orange County, 1986–19921986–1992 · 19 events · In 1986 a citizens' task force told Chapel Hill that moderate-income housing could be built at no cost to taxpayers. The town's Tandler project on Legion and Merritt Mill roads, approved in 1987, sold small houses with deferred town second mortgages, made Chapel Hill a federal demonstration city, and by 1989 housed 26 families. Chapel Hill joined a Triangle housing fund, Carrboro formed its own task force, and in 1991 the county created the Orange Community Housing Corporation. In 1992 the town sped review of the corporation's 20 Asheton Hill houses on Erwin Road but delayed the $200,000 it sought for its Erwin Village homes. StorylineRenovating Old East and Old West, 1986–19921986–1992 · 7 events · In 1986 the UNC trustees decided that Old East and Old West would stay residence halls, and in 1987 a task force recommended renovating them as dormitories. The trustees chose Dodge and Associates as architects in 1990, and the halls closed for a $4.2 million renovation in 1991. In 1992 UNC said they would stay men's halls, and rot and damage pushed the reopening to fall 1993. StorylineThe South Building shanties and sit-ins, 1986–19871986–1987 · 15 events · In March 1986 the UNC Anti-Apartheid Support Group built shanties in front of South Building to press for divestment, and Chancellor Christopher Fordham let them stand for about three weeks of rallies and vigils before ordering them torn down on April 7. A November shanty on Polk Place and a South Building sit-in ended in arrests, and in January 1987 a judge acquitted 12 students of trespass. StorylineUNC’s Cameron Avenue power plant and its neighbors, 1986–19941986–1994 · 22 events · In 1986 the Chapel Hill Town Council approved UNC's $96 million coal-fired power plant on Cameron Avenue to replace the 1940 plant. As it was tested in 1991 and 1992, the Power Plant Neighbors complained of noise, dust and light, the council asked for action and monthly reports, and the state cited the plant for wastewater and emissions violations and fined the University nearly $43,000. In 1993 six neighbors sued and the state fined the plant $123,670 for 1992 air violations. In 1994 UNC settled the suit for $47,000 and an easement limiting the plant's noise, and the town manager gave it a year to finish noise and ash controls. StorylineMoving to middle schools in Chapel Hill-Carrboro, 1986–19891986–1989 · 6 events · As enrollment grew, Chapel Hill-Carrboro elementary schools added temporary classrooms in 1986. In February 1987, after a six-month study and a hearing that backed the change, the school board voted unanimously to turn its junior highs into middle schools for grades six through eight. To relieve crowding it moved Carrboro Elementary's sixth graders to Culbreth Junior High in 1988 and more sixth and ninth graders in 1989. StorylineNorthside residents and the town, 1987–19881987–1988 · 6 events · In 1987 and 1988 Northside residents spoke against a mental health day center on Carr Street, a proposed Pittsboro Street extension and a rezoning off West Rosemary Street, saying such changes threatened their neighborhood. After a Black child drowned at the A. D. Clark pool in 1987, the Concerned Black Citizens pressed the town to hire Black lifeguards, and the council agreed to changes. StorylineUNC’s land use plans, the Horace Williams tract and the joint town-University committee, 1987–19941987–1994 · 24 events · In June 1987 more than 400 people came to object to UNC's campus land use plan, with its parking decks, a loop road through Battle Park and the removal of Odum Village. A joint town-University committee recommended against the loop road and against taking private property, and the Town Council and Chancellor Fordham accepted its advice in 1988. In 1989 a standing town-gown committee was formed and the council dropped the Pittsboro Street extension from its capital list. A revised plan in 1991 dropped the Pittsboro Street extension but kept a South Loop road through Odum Village and four more parking decks, which a new student group opposed, and that November the council voted to comment on state environmental reviews of University projects. In 1994 a University committee called for second and third campuses on the Horace Williams and Mason Farm tracts. Chancellor Hardin invited the towns to help plan them, Chapel Hill and Carrboro named advisory committees, and in November the Chapel Hill council rezoned parts of the Horace Williams tract so that UNC buildings there would need its review. StorylineThe Bolin Creek sewer and the state moratorium, 1987–19921987–1992 · 5 events · In 1987 OWASA began replacing its sewer outfall from Bolin Creek to Franklin Street with a larger line. After complaints of overflows from the Bolin Creek interceptor, the Chapel Hill council asked the state to investigate in 1991, and in March 1992 state regulators barred new hookups to the line until OWASA made repairs, lifting the moratorium on March 23. In April an old OWASA pipe burst beside the Smith Center. StorylineChoosing Christopher Fordham’s successor, 1987–19881987–1988 · 9 events · Chancellor Christopher Fordham announced in August 1987 that he would step down the next June. A 14-member search committee held one public hearing and commissioned an outside management audit, and in March 1988 the trustees sent two finalists to President C. D. Spangler. After one withdrew, the Board of Governors confirmed Paul Hardin of Drew University in April, and he was installed as UNC's seventh chancellor on University Day 1988. StorylineDiscrimination grievances in the UNC police, 1987–19941987–1994 · 66 events · In 1987 University police officers charged racism and favoritism in the promotions of the department's June reorganization, and students rallied for them. The chancellor denied the grievances in 1988, but Officer Keith Edwards pressed hers to a state hearing. In 1989 a sergeant won back pay and the public safety director was reassigned, and in 1992 a jury found three former officials had discriminated against Edwards. A state judge ruled for Edwards in 1990, but the State Personnel Commission and the Superior Court ruled against her and two federal agencies found no discrimination in 1991. The officials appealed the verdict, and in October 1992 UNC asked the N.C. Supreme Court to review a ruling that sent her 1987 grievance back to the commission. The N.C. Supreme Court declined review in December 1992, and in December 1993 the commission ruled against Edwards again. In 1994 the Court of Appeals ordered a new trial of her suit, and Judge Gordon Battle ordered her promoted to sergeant with back pay to 1987; UNC withdrew its appeal of that ruling in October. StorylineThe Pittsboro Street extension, 1987–19911987–1991 · 6 events · Extending Pittsboro Street through Little Fraternity Court drew opposition from Northside residents, fraternities and University Square at 1987 hearings. The Chapel Hill Town Council dropped it from its capital improvements program in 1989 and from the thoroughfare plan in June 1991, though UNC officials had supported it. That October state highway staff said they would still encourage the road. StorylineLGBTQ political firsts in Chapel Hill and Carrboro, 1980s–1990s1987–1995 · 34 events · Joe Herzenberg's election to the Chapel Hill Town Council in November 1987 made him North Carolina's first openly gay elected official. Carrboro created a domestic partnership registry in September 1994 and Chapel Hill followed in 1995, and in November 1995 Carrboro elected Mike Nelson, the state's first openly gay mayor. StorylineThe Chapel Hill Newspaper changes hands, 1987–19931987–1993 · 5 events · Ottaway Newspapers, a division of Dow Jones, bought The Chapel Hill Newspaper in 1987, and the Durham Herald Company answered with The Chapel Hill Herald. After a newspaper war and falling earnings, Ottaway put the paper up for sale in 1990 and cut its Monday edition in 1991. In 1993 it sold the paper to The News & Observer. StorylineThe Office for Student Counseling and Dean Cell’s reappointment, 1988–19901988–1990 · 15 events · When Dean Hayden Renwick left the Office for Student Counseling in January 1988, Black students pressed for a stronger, independent office, and a rally of more than 400 at South Building turned back Dean Gillian Cell's plan to fold it into a new unit. Rosalind Fuse-Hall was named to lead it in 1989. That fall Black student groups opposed Cell's reappointment, but the trustees approved her second term in December 1989. The UNC Board of Governors gave its approval in January 1990. StorylineSister cities of Chapel Hill and Carrboro, 1988–19921988–1992 · 8 events · Carrboro unofficially adopted Elmenshia, Egypt, as a sister city in 1987. In 1989 Chapel Hill made San Jorge, Nicaragua, its sister city and Carrboro joined the Sister City program, and in 1990 a Chapel Hill delegation watched San Jorge's polls. Soviet visas were refused in 1991, but in May 1992 a delegation signed a protocol of intent in Saratov, Russia, and a Saratov delegation visited that fall. StorylineChapel Hill’s parks and open space bonds, 1988–19921988–1992 · 10 events · In 1988 the Chapel Hill Town Council spent $1 million in 1986 bond money on 50 acres south of town for a community park. After putting off a $5 million parks and open space bond, it backed a $9 million bond in 1989, and voters approved the bonds that year. The town added 28 acres to the park and approved its master plan in 1990, bought Merritt Pasture in 1991, and in 1992 funded park repairs, a parks and greenways plan and a park in North Forest Hills. StorylineThe Downtown Commission, the downtown trolleys and Streetscape, 1988–19941988–1994 · 29 events · The Chapel Hill-Carrboro Downtown Commission, incorporated in October 1988 with money from both towns, the University and businesses, hired its first directors, brought back sidewalk vendors and ordered two trolleys. Chapel Hill taxed its downtown merchants to support it in 1989, but Carrboro's aldermen refused money and a tax district. The trolleys began running in Chapel Hill on Labor Day 1989 and first reached Carrboro that December on runs paid for by Carr Mill Mall's owners. After private donations dried up, the commission laid off its two paid staff members in March 1991 and became a volunteer group, and in April 1992 Mayor Ken Broun revived its idle plan committee to draw up a downtown plan. In 1994 the council kept the trolleys for another year while the commission tried to raise ridership, and the town began Streetscape, a $4.8 million plan for downtown sidewalks, lights and buried wires, with a pilot block on West Franklin Street. StorylineThe University Village shopping center on N.C. 54, 1988–19911988–1991 · 4 events · East-West Partners withdrew its 1988 plan for an eight-screen theater and retail complex on N.C. 54 after town staff found too little parking and unsafe entrances. A smaller design without the theaters, which neighbors had opposed, won Planning Board approval and, in March 1989, a council permit with a Prestwick Road entrance to keep traffic off Hamilton Road. Construction began in March 1991. StorylineTrademark royalties and student aid at UNC, 1988–19901988–1990 · 4 events · In 1988 a student government committee found that the Student Aid Office's half of UNC's trademark royalties had gone into an unrestricted endowment fund since 1982, and the trustees moved about $321,000 into a trust fund for scholarships and set a yearly split. In April 1990, after a student study found fewer freshmen from low-income families, the trustees raised financial aid's share to about three-quarters. StorylineHistoric district studies for Cameron-McCauley, Northside and Gimghoul, 1988–20041988–2004 · 10 events · Residents asked Chapel Hill to study Cameron-McCauley and Northside as historic districts in 1979 and 1985. A consultant found in 1988 that Cameron-McCauley qualified and suggested appearance controls or a neighborhood plan for Northside; in 1989 the council sent the Cameron-McCauley report to the state and heard residents on a local district. The town made Cameron-McCauley a local historic district in 1990 and Gimghoul, listed in the National Register that August, its third in 1993. West Chapel Hill entered the National Register in 1998, and in 2004 Northside became what the town called its first neighborhood conservation district. StorylineThe animal research debate at UNC, 1988–19911988–1991 · 5 events · In December 1988 members of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals went to UNC's animal holding farm in western Orange County and alleged mistreatment, which the School of Medicine denied. In 1989 the student group SETA sued to open the University's animal research records, and graduate students formed a coalition to defend research. UNC opened its holding areas to a student tour in 1990, and in January 1991 the N.C. Court of Appeals ordered records released. StorylineGraduate Students United at UNC, 1989–19921989–1992 · 9 events · Graduate Students United formed in 1989 to press for better pay, benefits and status for UNC's graduate employees and rallied that fall for a $4,000-a-semester minimum. It protested the budget cuts in 1990 and 1991. In 1992 it petitioned for University-paid health insurance, which the Faculty Council unanimously urged, and it challenged Student Congress limits on its newsletter in student court. StorylineThe 1989 measles outbreak at UNC1989 · 4 events · In February 1989, after outbreaks elsewhere in the state, health officials confirmed a measles case in a UNC student and ordered vaccinations for those without enough protection. Over four days thousands were vaccinated at Woollen Gym, and about 1,000 students who were not were barred from classes and residence halls under a county quarantine, which was lifted on February 16. StorylineBuilding the Student Recreation Center, 1989–19931989–1993 · 5 events · In February 1989 UNC students voted a $13-a-semester fee to build a Student Recreation Center by Fetzer Gym. The trustees approved the Fetzer courtyard site that October over a faculty petition and turned down Norma Burns as architect, then appointed her in December. Construction began in August 1991 on a two-story building, with completion set for February 1993. The center opened on September 20, 1993. StorylineRace Relations Week at UNC, 1989–19961989–1996 · 6 events · UNC held what the Daily Tar Heel called its first Race Relations Week in April 1989, with Julian Bond as keynote speaker. Angela Davis opened the Campus Y's second week in 1990, when about 150 students marched to South Building, and Mark Mathabane and Sister Souljah spoke in 1991 and 1992. Students for the Advancement of Race Relations was still holding the week in 1996. StorylineUNC and the state budget cuts, 1989–19911989–1991 · 26 events · State budget cuts left UNC $792,000 in debt in 1989 and brought a hiring freeze, canceled class sections and shorter library hours in 1990. Students, faculty and staff protested, and Chancellor Paul Hardin decided against layoffs. In 1991 departments cut more sections, graduate students pressed demands, the University gave up running the Carolina Inn, and the Board of Governors gave the campus budget flexibility. StorylineOn the Hill and the clubs that followed, 1989–19921989–1992 · 6 events · On the Hill, a dance club above Four Corners on East Franklin Street, began enforcing a dress code in September 1989 that a former bouncer said was meant to keep out gay men. Protests followed, and Student Congress called for a boycott. Club Zen opened in the space in 1990 with no dress code. In 1991 the owner of The Club said his lease was ended over his gay and Black patrons, which the building owner denied. StorylineA new building for WUNC, 1989–19931989–1993 · 5 events · UNC trustees rejected the design for a new WUNC radio building in 1989, and the station's fund drive fell short in 1991. In 1993 the Board of Governors approved funding for a smaller station on Mason Farm Road near the Friday Center, and the trustees approved its design. StorylineThe Muslim Student Association’s mosque plan, 1989–19901989–1990 · 3 events · In 1989 the Muslim Student Association sought to build a mosque with a dome and prayer tower on Stephens Street in Chapel Hill. Neighbors objected to noise and traffic, but in January 1990 the Planning Board found the plans met the zoning rules. When a pledged gift fell through, the association could not buy the lot by its March deadline. StorylineAthletics reform and drug testing at UNC, 1989–19901989–1990 · 6 events · In December 1989 a Faculty Council committee chaired by Doris Betts called for sweeping changes in UNC athletics, and the council took up its 32 recommendations early in 1990, passing the last 11 in February in a package Chancellor Paul Hardin called historic. That June the trustees declined to make drug testing of athletes mandatory, but the Board of Governors refused to exempt the campus, and UNC began mandatory testing in November 1990. StorylineUNC’s School of Education after Frank Brown, 1989–19921989–1992 · 7 events · Frank Brown resigned as dean of UNC's School of Education at the end of 1989, and in August 1990 the Board of Governors named Donald J. Stedman to succeed him. The school gained a Center for Educational Leadership in 1991, and its faculty agreed to teach more classes as it lost four faculty positions. In 1992 it stopped admitting new students to its high school social studies program. StorylineUNC food workers’ and housekeepers’ struggles, 1969 to 19961989–1993 · 143 events · After staff complaints in 1989, a committee named by Chancellor Paul Hardin rewrote UNC's staff grievance procedure. The State Employees Association fought its ban on lawyers, and in December 1990 the State Personnel Commission approved a version that let lawyers in at Step 3. Hardin's 1992 revision, which barred lawyers from the first three steps, was approved that October over the objections of staff representatives, as the new Employee Forum and an NAACP task force took up the procedure. StorylineLatino migration to Carrboro and Chapel Hill1990 to present · 32 events · Latin American families began arriving in Carrboro and Chapel Hill in the 1990s: the neighborhoods and workplaces that received them, and the institutions they built. StorylineGun rules in Chapel Hill, Carrboro and at UNC, 1990–19941990–1994 · 17 events · In 1990 Joe Herzenberg asked Chapel Hill's town attorney to study local gun control, and the attorney reported that the town could not ban handgun sales. In April 1992 the Town Council adopted Herzenberg's ordinance barring guns on town property, at street fairs and on public transportation, and UNC banned concealed weapons in its Code of Student Conduct. After crowded hearings Chapel Hill adopted five more gun ordinances in November 1993, Carrboro formed a study committee, and in 1994 Buy Back the Hill bought about 100 guns from residents. StorylineThe Bicentennial Campaign for Carolina, 1990–19931990–1993 · 12 events · UNC's Bicentennial Campaign for Carolina raised private money for the University's 200th anniversary. After a quiet phase it opened on October 11, 1991 with a $320 million goal, as the Sonja Stone Task Force protested silently outside South Building. Gifts from Glaxo, First Union and the James M. Johnston Trust followed, and by May 1992 commitments passed $204.5 million. In 1993 it opened a phase for faculty and staff and raised its goal to $400 million, including $7 million for the Stone Black Cultural Center. StorylineThe movement for a freestanding Black Cultural Center, 1990–19941990–1994 · 114 events · The Faculty Council asked in 1990 for a new Black Cultural Center building, and after professor Sonja Haynes Stone died in August 1991, a student campaign won the center her name that October. In 1992 a coalition pressed for a freestanding building; Chancellor Paul Hardin opposed one into September, and after marches, a Spike Lee rally and his working group's report, he endorsed it on October 15. The trustees approved a site in July 1993. Student leaders accepted the trustees' Coker Woods site that November, and the Bicentennial Campaign took on the building's $7 million. In 1994 director Margo Crawford resigned, the Board of Governors approved the building, and NationsBank and other donors brought gifts to about $1.6 million by November. StorylineFranklin Street’s changing storefronts, 1990–19941990–1994 · 42 events · Between 1990 and 1992 Franklin Street lost the Carolina Blue and White movie house, Baskin-Robbins, Top of the Hill and University Printery, while The Parlor, Aunt Louise's Bookshop for Children and Mediterranean Deli opened and the old Fowler's grocery became a shopping center. A February 1991 fire gutted the Scott Building at Franklin and Henderson streets and left Hector's in a lawsuit with its landlord. In 1992 the council approved a new building for the Top of the Hill corner. In 1993 and 1994 The Intimate Bookshop reopened in a rebuilt store after a 1992 arson fire, the Hector's building was restored for a cafe and an arcade, west-end merchants organized against crime, and a new Top of the Hill building filled the corner of Franklin and Columbia streets. StorylineA new business school building at Kenan Heights, 1990–19921990–1992 · 5 events · In June 1990 UNC's trustees approved Chancellor Paul Hardin's choice of Kenan Heights, by the Kenan Center, for a new business school building, after a committee endorsed it with five abstentions. The Rams Club pledged about $2.3 million and the William R. Kenan Jr. Charitable Trust $10 million toward it. In September 1992 the trustees approved a $25.8 million design, but construction waited on state money. StorylineSouth Loop Road and Odum Village, 1990–19921990–1992 · 12 events · UNC's planned South Loop road would have taken part of Odum Village, its married-student housing. A 1990 committee looked to buy Glen Lennox to replace it, but town officials objected and Vice Chancellor Donald Boulton said UNC would not buy existing apartments. Residents and a housing coalition opposed the road, and in 1991 the Chapel Hill Town Council twice declined to put it on the thoroughfare plan. Hardin pressed for the plan again in January 1992. StorylineSexual orientation policy and anti-gay harassment at UNC and in the towns, 1990–19931990–1993 · 13 events · Chancellor Paul Hardin added sexual orientation to UNC's nondiscrimination policy in 1990, and in 1991 the student code took in harassment based on sexual orientation while housing studied gay and lesbian students' needs. In 1992 the career office agreed to ask recruiters about their policies and Hardin signed a statement against the military's gay ban. That summer the association's cube notices were defaced twice, once with a death threat. Carrboro added sexual orientation to its employment policy in December 1990, and in 1993, after a student rally, Carolina Dining Services added it to its own policy while the Chapel Hill council debated a charter clause. StorylineHate incidents and the Rally Against Hate at UNC, fall 19901990 · 9 events · In the fall of 1990 UNC saw a defaced Gantt poster, anti-gay signs and slurs, an anti-Semitic letter, a racist note on the Black homecoming queen's car and 'KKK' painted on a University car. Chancellor Paul Hardin formed a Committee on Community and Diversity, students held a Rally Against Hate in the Pit on October 22, and on November 1 marchers left a petition with 1,678 signatures at South Building. StorylineUNC housekeepers’ movement, 1990–19961990–1996 · 64 events · UNC's housekeepers, most of them Black women, objected to merit ratings and low pay in 1990 and formed the UNC Housekeepers Association in 1991. With lawyers Alan McSurely and William Morris, student groups and the Chapel Hill-Carrboro NAACP, they pressed grievances over pay, training and supervision. UNC refused to hear them as a group in 1992, so they took a group discrimination grievance to the state. A state judge certified it as a class action in September 1993, but a Superior Court judge dismissed it that November; the housekeepers appealed, and in 1994 the Center for Constitutional Rights pledged its help. A mediated settlement in 1996 brought back pay and career training. StorylineThe Student Body statues, 1990–19931990–1993 · 16 events · In October 1990 Black students began protesting The Student Body, the Class of 1985's bronze figures outside Davis Library, as racist and sexist stereotypes, with study-ins, vigils, petitions and a letter to Chancellor Paul Hardin. After a committee forum Hardin decided by January 1991 to move them. The statues were vandalized and defaced that winter and spring, and in June 1991 they were moved to the courtyard between Hamilton, Manning and Bynum halls. The basketball player was stolen from the sculpture in August 1993. StorylineThe city schools’ multicultural plan, sexual orientation and the gay literature unit, 1990–19941990–1994 · 18 events · The Chapel Hill-Carrboro schools adopted a multicultural plan in 1990. In 1993 parents protested its lessons on sexual orientation, a committee rewrote its mission statement, and Chapel Hill High's principal suspended the gay and lesbian readings in a teacher's literature unit. In August 1994, after a hearing where most speakers backed it, the school board added sexual orientation to the plan. StorylinePlanning and building new Chapel Hill-Carrboro schools, 1990–19941990–1994 · 13 events · In November 1990 the Chapel Hill-Carrboro school board planned four new schools by 2000. Early in 1992 it contracted to buy about 40 acres between Old Fayetteville and Hillsborough roads, and in April it discussed a middle school there with the Carrboro aldermen. Citing rising enrollment, officials backed a $52 million school bond, which Orange County voters approved on November 3, 1992. The board chose a Weaver Dairy Road site for a second high school in 1993, and McDougle Middle School, which the Daily Tar Heel called the district's first school named for Black people, opened in August 1994. StorylineProtest and support during the Persian Gulf war, 1990–19911990–1991 · 18 events · As war with Iraq neared and began in 1990 and 1991, peace groups held vigils at the Franklin Street post office, about 1,100 people marched down Franklin Street and students protested in Polk Place. The Community Church became a sanctuary church, but Carrboro and Chapel Hill declined the Greens' sanctuary resolution. Smaller rallies backed the troops, and a Peace Village stood in the Pit until after the cease-fire. StorylineBlack customers and the Franklin Street Rite Aid, 1990–19931990–1993 · 4 events · In 1990 the Black Student Movement boycotted the Franklin Street Rite Aid for keeping Black hair-care products by the cashier, and the NAACP joined it. In March 1991 Rite Aid agreed to put the products on the regular shelves. In 1993 the company investigated new complaints of discrimination at the store. StorylineInternationalist Books and the killing of Bob Sheldon, 1991–19931991–1993 · 7 events · Bob Sheldon, who founded Internationalist Books in 1981, was found shot in his West Rosemary Street store on February 21, 1991 and died the next day. Hundreds mourned him, and friends formed a committee, offered a reward and reopened the store with volunteers. His family passed the store to its board that fall, and a year after his death no arrest had been made. Friends held a vigil at the store on the second anniversary in 1993. StorylineChapel Hill's crime and drug task force, 1991–19941991–1994 · 15 events · Council member Roosevelt Wilkerson proposed a task force on violent crime and drugs in December 1990, and Chapel Hill set it up under social work dean John Turner early in 1991. It heard arguments over the downtown shelter and the NAACP's call for jobs for Black youth, and in October 1991 the council began carrying out its 49 recommendations. In 1992 Carrboro joined a joint task force, police planned new patrol districts, and Pine Knolls and public housing residents pressed for action on drug dealing. In 1993 a $30,000 gift from The Village Companies paid for unarmed civilian patrols downtown, and in October 1994 the task force disbanded seven of its nine committees. StorylineLeasing and renovating the Carolina Inn, 1991–19941991–1994 · 9 events · With the Carolina Inn losing money, the University stopped running it in 1991 and sought an outside operator, and in 1993 it leased the inn to Doubletree Hotels. The trustees approved a $13.5 million renovation and new wing in 1994, the Alumni House was torn down to make room, and after a profitable first year under Doubletree the inn closed for renovation that November. StorylineUNC’s turnover in leadership, 1991–19921991–1992 · 8 events · In 1991 Dean Gillian Cell left UNC for Lafayette College and Provost Dennis O'Connor for the University of Pittsburgh, and William F. Little served as interim provost. In April 1992 the Board of Governors approved Richard McCormick as provost, Mary Sue Coleman in a restored research vice chancellorship and Stephen Birdsall as arts and sciences dean, and Wayne Jones was named to succeed Ben Tuchi in business and finance. StorylineThe 1991 town elections in Chapel Hill and Carrboro1991 · 8 events · Mayor Jonathan Howes did not seek a third term in 1991, and on November 5 Chapel Hill elected the UNC law professor Ken Broun mayor over Rosemary Waldorf and Tommy Gardner and put Joe Capowski and the UNC senior Mark Chilton on the council. Carrboro returned its three incumbent aldermen and Mayor Eleanor Kinnaird but turned down a $2.15 million recreation center bond. StorylineThe University Place condominiums, 1991–19931991–1993 · 4 events · In 1991 Northside residents and student environmentalists opposed University Place, a student condominium complex off Clark Road, and the Chapel Hill Town Council denied its permit. The Bradley Company sued, and in 1993 the N.C. Court of Appeals reversed the denial; the town sought review by the state Supreme Court. StorylineReplacing Superintendent Gerry House, 1991–19921991–1992 · 4 events · Superintendent Gerry House announced in December 1991 that she would leave the Chapel Hill-Carrboro City Schools for Memphis. The board first kept its search committee to board members, then in March 1992 widened it to teachers, staff, the PTA Council and others and named James Ellerbee interim superintendent. Assistant superintendent Neil Pedersen took office as superintendent on June 30, 1992. StorylineThe Midway Development Commission, 1992–19931992–1993 · 5 events · In 1992 the Midway Development Commission asked Chapel Hill for money to revitalize the largely Black business and church district on the Chapel Hill-Carrboro line. The town granted it $6,000 in 1993, and it incorporated that March. A teen center it backed closed that fall after a police memo linked it to a downtown beating, though the chief later said he had no indication anyone from the center was involved. StorylineHerzenberg’s tax case, the recall law and two resignations, 1992–19931992–1993 · 11 events · In August 1992 council member and mayor pro tem Joe Herzenberg pleaded guilty to willful failure to file state taxes; the council censured him and urged him to resign, and he gave up the pro tem post but kept his seat until September 1993, resigning while the county verified petitions to recall him under a local act the legislature passed that July. In September Roosevelt Wilkerson resigned over a letter sent on the mayor's letterhead with Ken Broun's signature, and the council appointed Barbara Powell in his place. StorylineThe Bicentennial of UNC and Chapel Hill, 1993–19941993–1994 · 20 events · UNC and Chapel Hill marked their 200th year from 1993 to 1994. President Bill Clinton spoke at the University's Bicentennial Convocation in Kenan Stadium, and the town unveiled a post office mural of the 1793 lot auction. Lectures, a musical, books, exhibits, entranceway markers and an open house followed, and the town's Chapel Hill Revisited day and UNC's 1994 commencement closed the celebrations. StorylineThe 1993 town elections in Chapel Hill and Carrboro1993 · 12 events · In November 1993 Chapel Hill re-elected Mayor Ken Broun without opposition and chose six council members led by Rosemary Waldorf, while Carrboro gave Mayor Eleanor Kinnaird a fourth term over Hilliard Caldwell. Jacquelyn Gist, Mike Nelson and Hank Anderson won the aldermen's seats, Anderson's after a recount, and the new boards took office on December 7. StorylineRacial discrimination complaints in Chapel Hill’s town departments, 1993–19951993–1995 · 4 events · In 1993 Chapel Hill upheld one of four racial discrimination complaints by transportation workers. In 1994 a Black maintenance worker sued the town over racial harassment, including a noose hung in the garage, and settled for $50,000. In 1995 the Black Public Works Association filed a discrimination grievance against the town. StorylineCondoms at Chapel Hill High School, 1993–19941993–1994 · 6 events · In 1993 the Chapel Hill-Carrboro school board voted to let Chapel Hill High School students get condoms from the nurse or counselors, with parents able to opt their children out. After forums and objections from parents' groups that urged abstinence, the board adopted the procedures in January 1994, and the program began that April. StorylineThe Grateful Dead at the Smith Center, 1993–19941993–1994 · 5 events · The Grateful Dead's 1993 shows at the Smith Center brought an SBI drug checkpoint on Interstate 40 and a near-riot when a crowd pelted drug agents with bottles. Chancellor Paul Hardin then refused the band a return. Fans rallied to bring it back, and in October 1994 Hardin lifted the ban over the town manager's objections. StorylineTwenty-four-hour visitation at UNC, 1993–19941993–1994 · 6 events · Six UNC residence halls voted for 24-hour visitation in a 1993 pilot program, but the trustees ended it that November over students' protests. A committee of trustees, administrators, students and parents studied the question, and in 1994 the trustees let students choose among three visitation policies. StorylineLaVonda Burnette and the school board recall, 1993–19941993–1994 · 15 events · LaVonda Burnette won a Chapel Hill-Carrboro school board seat in November 1993 and a month later acknowledged she was not enrolled at UNC. The board asked her to resign and sought a recall law, which the legislature passed in 1994 over NAACP objections. After a recall petition was certified for the November ballot, she resigned in October, and Bea Hughes-Werner took the seat. StorylineHardin’s retirement and the search for a chancellor, 1994–19951994–1995 · 8 events · Chancellor Paul Hardin announced in January 1994 that he would retire in June 1995, and trustees chairman Johnny Harris named a 22-member search committee with one student. Student groups petitioned and rallied for six more student seats and employees asked for a staff seat. Michael Hooker became chancellor on July 1, 1995. StorylineThe Meadowmont plan, 19941994 · 5 events · In 1994 East West Partners filed its plan for Meadowmont, a village-centered community on the DuBose property along N.C. 54 that the Daily Tar Heel called the biggest development in Chapel Hill's history. After two public hearings, the Town Council set up a committee to review how much development the land should hold. StorylineHurricane Fran, September 19961996–1998 · 13 events · Hurricane Fran crossed the county overnight on 5 to 6 September 1996, felling thousands of trees, cutting power to about 29,000 Chapel Hill customers and pushing the Eno at Hillsborough to its highest recorded flow. Chapel Hill declared an emergency, OWASA issued a boil-water advisory, UNC suspended classes for a campus cleanup, and Duke Forest spent two years salvaging timber. StorylineBurmese and Karen refugee communities2005 to present · 23 events · Refugee families from Burma began resettling in Chapel Hill and Carrboro in 2005: the schools, gardens and congregations that grew with them.