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Black student activism at UNC

The Black Student Movement and the campaigns it led from 1967 on.

Black students founded the Black Student Movement at UNC in November 1967. It presented 23 demands to Chancellor J. Carlyle Sitterson in December 1968, backed the cafeteria workers' strike of 1969, and in the 1990s pressed for a freestanding Black cultural center, which opened as the Sonja Haynes Stone Center in 2004.

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68 works about Black student activism at UNC are indexed here.

In the chronology

Episodes in this history, in date order. Each has its own page.

StorylineThe Black Student Movement’s demands, 1968–19691968–1969 · 16 events · In December 1968 the Black Student Movement presented 23 demands to Chancellor J. Carlyle Sitterson, among them special admissions, an Afro-American studies department, a dean of Black students and better treatment of nonacademic workers. The Faculty Council recommended steps toward recruiting Black students, and in January 1969 Sitterson answered that the University could not give unique treatment to any race. Marches through South Building and down Franklin Street followed, and on February 19 Sitterson recognized the BSM as an official organization. In April a faculty committee proposed 23 courses in Black studies, and UNC began its Afro-American Studies curriculum in 1969. StorylineBlack admissions at UNC: Bakke, Dean Renwick and the university affairs office, 1977–19831977–1983 · 26 events · In 1977 Chancellor Ferebee Taylor made Dean Hayden Renwick his adviser on raising minority enrollment. In 1978, as two white applicants sued the law school in a case likened to Bakke, Renwick charged that UNC was turning away qualified Black applicants. The University answered with its largest Black enrollment to date, and Taylor denied the charge before the Faculty Council. A faculty committee in 1979 found Black enrollment growth unsatisfactory but did not uphold most of the charges. In 1980 the Faculty Council asked for a minority affairs post reporting to the chancellor, and Chancellor Christopher Fordham created a vice chancellorship for university affairs, which Harold Wallace took up that December. Renwick sued two newspaper companies in 1981 over an editorial on his 1978 column; the suit was dismissed in 1982 and revived on appeal in 1983. StorylineFounding the Black Cultural Center, 1984–19891984–1989 · 24 events · A planning committee formed in 1984 sought a Black Cultural Center at UNC, and the Black Student Movement objected as the plan shrank to about 1,500 square feet in the Carolina Union. The center held a pre-opening in 1987 and opened on July 1, 1988 under director Margo Crawford. The BSM pressed for a permanent building, and in 1989 planners released a feasibility study for one. StorylineThe South Building shanties and sit-ins, 1986–19871986–1987 · 15 events · In March 1986 the UNC Anti-Apartheid Support Group built shanties in front of South Building to press for divestment, and Chancellor Christopher Fordham let them stand for about three weeks of rallies and vigils before ordering them torn down on April 7. A November shanty on Polk Place and a South Building sit-in ended in arrests, and in January 1987 a judge acquitted 12 students of trespass. StorylineThe Office for Student Counseling and Dean Cell’s reappointment, 1988–19901988–1990 · 15 events · When Dean Hayden Renwick left the Office for Student Counseling in January 1988, Black students pressed for a stronger, independent office, and a rally of more than 400 at South Building turned back Dean Gillian Cell's plan to fold it into a new unit. Rosalind Fuse-Hall was named to lead it in 1989. That fall Black student groups opposed Cell's reappointment, but the trustees approved her second term in December 1989. The UNC Board of Governors gave its approval in January 1990. StorylineUNC food workers’ and housekeepers’ struggles, 1969 to 19961989–1993 · 143 events · After staff complaints in 1989, a committee named by Chancellor Paul Hardin rewrote UNC's staff grievance procedure. The State Employees Association fought its ban on lawyers, and in December 1990 the State Personnel Commission approved a version that let lawyers in at Step 3. Hardin's 1992 revision, which barred lawyers from the first three steps, was approved that October over the objections of staff representatives, as the new Employee Forum and an NAACP task force took up the procedure.
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StorylineThe movement for a freestanding Black Cultural Center, 1990–19941990–1994 · 114 events · The Faculty Council asked in 1990 for a new Black Cultural Center building, and after professor Sonja Haynes Stone died in August 1991, a student campaign won the center her name that October. In 1992 a coalition pressed for a freestanding building; Chancellor Paul Hardin opposed one into September, and after marches, a Spike Lee rally and his working group's report, he endorsed it on October 15. The trustees approved a site in July 1993. Student leaders accepted the trustees' Coker Woods site that November, and the Bicentennial Campaign took on the building's $7 million. In 1994 director Margo Crawford resigned, the Board of Governors approved the building, and NationsBank and other donors brought gifts to about $1.6 million by November. StorylineHate incidents and the Rally Against Hate at UNC, fall 19901990 · 9 events · In the fall of 1990 UNC saw a defaced Gantt poster, anti-gay signs and slurs, an anti-Semitic letter, a racist note on the Black homecoming queen's car and 'KKK' painted on a University car. Chancellor Paul Hardin formed a Committee on Community and Diversity, students held a Rally Against Hate in the Pit on October 22, and on November 1 marchers left a petition with 1,678 signatures at South Building. StorylineThe Student Body statues, 1990–19931990–1993 · 16 events · In October 1990 Black students began protesting The Student Body, the Class of 1985's bronze figures outside Davis Library, as racist and sexist stereotypes, with study-ins, vigils, petitions and a letter to Chancellor Paul Hardin. After a committee forum Hardin decided by January 1991 to move them. The statues were vandalized and defaced that winter and spring, and in June 1991 they were moved to the courtyard between Hamilton, Manning and Bynum halls. The basketball player was stolen from the sculpture in August 1993.

A selection of 12 events from the 754 chronology entries for this storyline, including highlights and examples from different years. See all 754 dated events in the chronology →

  1. The UNC NAACP chapter maps a campaign against segregation in fraternities and athletics Meeting in the Alumni Building, 23 members of the UNC chapter of the NAACP discussed test rushes to show a pattern of discrimination in campus fraternities, named a committee to press the athletic department on recruiting Black athletes, and planned their own recruiting of Black students. The chapter noted that UNC's teams and, to its knowledge, its faculty were all white; the athletic director denied discrimination, and the chancellor pointed to a Black clinical instructor in oral surgery. People: Paul F. Sharp Place: Alumni Building, UNC, Chapel HillThe Daily Tar Heel, October 2, 1965, p. 1
  2. Students and faculty form a committee to support the striking food workers About 200 students and faculty meeting in the Carolina Union's Great Hall formed a temporary steering committee to raise money, publicize the strike and staff picket lines, including 5 a.m. pickets at Lenoir Hall's delivery door. The next night Student Legislature voted $200 for the strikers, a grant the Student Supreme Court blocked on December 2. Place: Carolina Union, Chapel HillThe Daily Tar Heel, November 9, 1969, p. 1
  3. Servomation food workers walk off the job and take their complaints to Chase Cafeteria About 25 employees of Servomation, the University's food contractor, left work at 9:15 a.m. and met food service director Robert Greer at Chase Cafeteria before going back about 10:45. They complained of how supervisors treated them, especially in the Pine Room, and Greer told the Daily Tar Heel that part of the trouble involved complaints of racial discrimination. Place: Chase Cafeteria, University, Chapel Hill · Also named: Robert GreerThe Daily Tar Heel, October 30, 1973, p. 1
  4. Student government freezes the Black Student Movement's funds over its concert debt Student body treasurer Todd Albert froze the BSM's funds after its spending, swollen by losses on the Kool and the Gang concert, exceeded the collateral the student code required on its $10,000 loan. On April 3 the Campus Governing Council unanimously released the funds and set a repayment schedule running to March 20, 1979, with 6 percent interest after May 15; BSM chairperson Allen Johnson called the charges of careless spending unfounded. Place: Carolina Union, University, Chapel Hill · Also named: Todd Albert, Allen JohnsonThe Daily Tar Heel, April 3, 1978, p. 1
  5. A UNC report finds Black students' five-year graduation rate falling A report from UNC's Office of Institutional Research, released by early November 1981, found that 47.9 percent of Black freshmen who entered in 1975 graduated within five years, down from 56 percent of the 1973 entrants and about 52 percent of those who entered in 1970, while 73.7 percent of white 1975 entrants graduated. Vice Chancellor Harold Wallace said he would study why. Place: University, Chapel Hill · Also named: Harold WallaceThe Daily Tar Heel, November 5, 1981, p. 1
  6. The Black Student Movement elects Camille Roddy president Black Student Movement members elected Camille Z. Roddy, a junior from Winston-Salem, president over Gregory Bargeman by 76 votes to 33, with about a third of the membership voting. The vice presidential race was rerun after two of the 109 ballots were found to omit one candidate's name, and Eric V. Walker won the second vote on March 27. Place: Carolina Union and Chase Hall, University, Chapel Hill · Also named: Camille Z. RoddyThe Daily Tar Heel, March 21, 1986, p. 1
  7. Trudier Harris is chosen permanent chair of UNC's curriculum in African-American studies After a four-year search, Dean Gillian Cell recommended Trudier Harris, J. Carlyle Sitterson Professor of English, as permanent chair of the curriculum in African-American studies, and Harris accepted, to begin July 1, 1990, with Lee Greene as acting chair in the spring. Black Student Movement president Kim McLean called the timing a response to publicity over Cell's record; the appointment still needed the Chancellor's Advisory Committee and the trustees. Place: University, Chapel Hill · Also named: Trudier Harris, Gillian Cell, Lee Greene, Kim McLeanSearch the index · The Daily Tar Heel, December 1, 1989, p. 1 · Also: The Daily Tar Heel, January 19, 1990, p. 1
  8. UNC Housekeepers organize for pay and respect UNC housekeepers formed the Housekeepers Association in 1991 and brought a class-action discrimination suit against the University over pay, advancement and treatment. Led by Marsha Tinnen and Barbara Prear, they signed a settlement with UNC on November 26, 1996, that brought raises, a career training program and monthly meetings with administrators. Place: Chapel Hill · Also named: Marsha Tinnen, Barbara PrearThe Daily Tar Heel, November 27, 1996, p. 1: UNC, Housekeepers near end of legal battle
  9. Chapel Hill-Carrboro NAACP presses Chancellor Hardin on employee discrimination In letters of December 2 and 4, 1991, James Brittian, president of the Chapel Hill-Carrboro NAACP, told Chancellor Paul Hardin that the University's answers on job training and discrimination grievances were "a lot of words, but no action," said housekeeping supervisors had told workers not to join the NAACP, and proposed a joint task force to hold public hearings. Hardin replied on December 19 offering to meet, and Brittian said he would. People: James Brittian Place: South Building, UNC, Chapel Hill · Also named: Paul HardinThe Daily Tar Heel, December 6, 1991, p. 3
  10. Police arrest 17 Black Cultural Center protesters in Chancellor Hardin's office After Jesse Jackson's breakfast with Hardin failed to move him, about 70 students marched from the Stone Center to Hardin's South Building office; when they refused to leave, University Police arrested 16 students and a local school employee for disorderly conduct, ending the sit-in held in the rotunda since April 1. They were arraigned at the Orange County Jail in Hillsborough and released, and about 180 people marched to the Chapel Hill police station; the Daily Tar Heel called it the first mass arrest of student protesters at UNC since the Vietnam War era. Place: South Building, UNC, Chapel Hill · Also named: Paul Hardin, Jesse Jackson · Also mentions: Orange County Jail, Chapel Hill police station, University PoliceThe Daily Tar Heel, April 16, 1993, p. 1
  11. About 150 students walk out of David Horowitz's speech in Memorial Hall Ten minutes into a talk by writer David Horowitz, invited by the College Republicans, about 150 students from the BSM, the campus NAACP, the Campus Y and other groups walked out in silent protest of his writings on Black Americans and reparations. Horowitz went on to attack Chancellor James Moeser for allowing teach-ins after September 11. People: James Moeser Place: Memorial Hall, University, Chapel Hill · Also named: David Horowitz · Also mentions: Campus YBlack Ink (Black Student Movement, UNC), December 2001, p. 17
  12. The Sonja Haynes Stone Center celebrates its grand opening After more than a decade of organizing, the freestanding Sonja Haynes Stone Center for Black Culture and History opened in Coker Woods with a four-day celebration. A Friday candlelight procession from the Old Chapel Hill Cemetery preceded Saturday's dedication by Chancellor James Moeser before more than 500 guests. People: Sonja Haynes Stone, James Moeser Place: Chapel Hill · Also mentions: Old Chapel Hill Cemetery, Sonja Haynes Stone CenterThe Daily Tar Heel: Set in Stone, August 23, 2004, p. 1

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Places in this history

Buildings, schools, churches and other sites named in the dated events on this page, the most often named first. The map shows the 35 with a known location.

Map tiles © OpenStreetMap contributors. Site locations from the N.C. State Historic Preservation Office survey, Open Orange, Orange County GIS, OpenStreetMap and a few other published sources named on each site’s page; town and community pins show approximate locations.

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Indexed works

Related works found in catalogs and archives across North Carolina. Each links to the institution that holds or provides it.

Filter these works by material, period, or place. Counts refer to works, not individual copies. A work may appear under more than one period or place.

Oral history interview with Daniel H. Pollitt, March 21-22, 1991: interview L-0064-6, Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007)

Pollitt, Daniel H. · 2008 · University Library, UNC-Chapel Hill

Sixth Pollitt interview, recorded March 21 and 22, 1991, by Ann McColl, about an hour long. Its single subject is the 1969 strike by food service workers at UNC, which Pollitt supported. He sets the strike in its local and national context, the labor and civil rights currents of the late 1960s, then follows how it unfolded among the workers, their union backers, the faculty and the university administration. Published online in 2008 by the UNC-Chapel Hill Library in Documenting the American South.

Included because: Catalog heading in the UNC record: Strikes and lockouts -- North Carolina -- Chapel Hill -- Food service employees.

I raised my hand to volunteer: students protest in 1960s Chapel Hill : an exhibit of the Manuscripts Department in the Wilson Library

Hollingsworth, Biff · 2007

Catalog of an exhibit mounted by the Manuscripts Department of Wilson Library from January 23 to May 31, 2007, on student protest in Chapel Hill during the 1960s. Topics include civil rights demonstrations, the Speaker Ban Law, the Black Student Movement, restaurant strikes and Vietnam War protests at the university. Compiled by Biff Hollingsworth, 59 pages with illustrations and facsimiles, published by the university library.

Included because: Catalog heading in the UNC record: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. -- Black Student Movement.

Oral history interview with Ashley Davis, April 12, 1974: interview E-0062, Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007)

Davis, Ashley · 2007 · University Library, UNC-Chapel Hill

Ashley Davis, who entered UNC in 1968 and joined the Black Student Movement, recalls the 1969 strike by the university's cafeteria workers and the BSM's decision to stand with them when the workers asked. Recorded April 12, 1974, by Russell Rymer for the Southern Oral History Program, the hour-and-a-half interview touches on Chancellor J. Carlyle Sitterson, the Southern Student Organizing Committee and race relations among students on campus. Published online in 2007 by the UNC-Chapel Hill Library in Documenting the American South.

Included because: Catalog heading in the NC Cardinal record: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. -- Black Student Movement.

Oral history interview with Elizabeth Brooks, October 2, 1974: interview E-0058, Southern Oral History Program Collection (#4007)

Brooks, Elizabeth · 2006 · University Library, UNC-Chapel Hill

Elizabeth Brooks, a cafeteria worker at UNC and a leader of the 1969 food workers' strike, speaks in a Southern Oral History Program interview recorded October 2, 1974, by Beverly Jones. Born in Caswell County, Brooks had made her home in Hillsborough since 1949 and raised nine children before her first paid job, at the university. She describes the strike, the Black Student Movement's support for the workers, and the response of Governor Robert W. Scott. Published online in 2006 in Documenting the American South.

Included because: Catalog heading in the NC Cardinal record: Food service employees -- North Carolina -- Chapel Hill.

It Wasn't Slavery Time Anymore: Foodworkers' Strike at Chapel Hill, Spring 1969

Williams, J. Derek · 1979

J. Derek Williams's 1979 study of the 1969 strike by cafeteria workers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, examining a chapter in the university's labor and Black history. A typescript of 270 leaves with a bibliography.

Included because: Its title names this subject.

UNC

Progress and protests : UNC-Chapel Hill leaders during "the Long Sixties" (1957-1972) : covering chancellors William Brantley Aycock, Paul F. Sharp, and J. Carlyle Sitterson

Roundtree, Lynn · 2024 · Lynn Roundtree

Lynn Roundtree covers the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill between 1957 and 1972 through its three chancellors, William Brantley Aycock, Paul F. Sharp and J. Carlyle Sitterson, set against the student movements of those years. Part of the Coates university leadership series, published by the author in 2024 and running to 926 pages. It is twentieth century campus history.

Included because: The record names this subject alongside a heading for the county or its towns.

UNC
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Diaspora Festival of Black and Independent Film : our diaspora : where every life is an epic story

Diaspora Festival of Black and Independent Film (2017 : Sonja Haynes Stone Center for Black Culture and History) · 2017 · UNC, the Sonja Haynes Stone Center for Black Culture and History

Program calendar for the 2017 Diaspora Festival of Black and Independent Film, presented in the fall by the Sonja Haynes Stone Center for Black Culture and History at Chapel Hill and tied to the campus Arts Everywhere initiative. Topics include film festivals in Chapel Hill and Black people in the motion picture industry, so the leaflet records what the festival screened that season.

Included because: Catalog heading in the UNC record: Diaspora Festival of Black and Independent Film (2017 : Sonja Haynes Stone Center for Black Culture and History).

UNC

BSM 40th movie

Sykes, D. (Derek) · 2007

Derek Sykes's film marking the fortieth anniversary of the Black Student Movement at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, made in 2007 and first issued in electronic form. Topics include African American student movements and African American students, so the piece records four decades of Black student organizing on the Chapel Hill campus.

Included because: Catalog heading in the UNC record: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. -- Black Student Movement.

UNC

I raised my hand to volunteer : students protest in 1960s Chapel Hill.

2007 · University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Account of student protest in 1960s Chapel Hill, published by the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2007 with illustrations. It draws together the civil rights movement and segregation in the town, discrimination in restaurants, academic freedom and university autonomy, protest against the Vietnam War, Students for a Democratic Society and the Black Student Movement on campus.

Included because: Catalog heading in the UNC record: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. -- Black Student Movement.

UNC

Milestones

Sonja Haynes Stone Black Cultural Center · 2004 · Sonja Haynes Stone Black Cultural Center

Milestones is the newsletter of the Sonja Haynes Stone Black Cultural Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, published by the center and dated 2004. African American students in Chapel Hill and the center itself are its subject. As a serial it carries programs, speakers and news of Black student life on campus.

Included because: Catalog heading in the UNC record: Sonja Haynes Stone Black Cultural Center.

UNC

Program guide

2004 · Sonja Haynes Stone Black Cultural Center

The program guide of the Sonja Haynes Stone Black Cultural Center at Chapel Hill, issued in illustrated volumes and recorded from 2004, with the 2000 to 2001 issue lacking that title.It concerns African American students and their societies and clubs. Volumes range from 18 to 26 cm.

Included because: Catalog heading in the UNC record: Sonja Haynes Stone Black Cultural Center.

UNC

Sauti mpya : the literary magazine of The Sonja Haynes Stone Black Cultural Center.

2004 · The Sonja Haynes Stone Black Cultural Center

Literary magazine of the Sonja Haynes Stone Black Cultural Center at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, published from 2004. Topics include American literature by African American authors in North Carolina and student periodicals in Chapel Hill, so the issues carry student poetry and prose. Volumes with illustrations, 22 to 28 cm.

Included because: Its title names this subject.

UNC

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