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Benjamin Hedrick, the scientific school and his dismissal, 1851–1862

How Benjamin Hedrick went from first honors to the University’s chair of agricultural chemistry in its new scientific school, and how his 1856 support for Fremont led to effigy burnings, the faculty’s disavowal, his dismissal by the trustees and, in 1862, his removal from the Presbyterian roll.

Benjamin S. Hedrick lost his University chair in 1856 for saying he would support Fremont. He took the chair of chemistry when the new School for the Application of Science to the Arts opened in January 1854. In August 1856 he told students at the polls he would support a Fremont ticket, and when the Raleigh Standard attacked him he replied that he opposed carrying slavery into the territories. The Standard called for his removal, students burned him in effigy and the faculty voted to disown his views. Swain argued that only the full board could remove a professor, but the trustees' executive committee dismissed Hedrick on October 18, and the full board confirmed it in January 1857.

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The full story

Benjamin S. Hedrick graduated from the University in 1851 at the head of his class. By February 1853 the trustees had decided to set up a School for the Application of Science to the Arts, with chairs of civil engineering and agricultural chemistry. It opened on January 1, 1854, with Charles Phillips in civil engineering and Hedrick in chemistry, and its students could earn a Bachelor of Science. In August 1856 Hedrick told students at the Chapel Hill polls that he would support a Fremont ticket if one existed. Attacked in the Raleigh Standard, he replied in a letter dated October 1 that he favored Fremont and opposed carrying slavery into the territories. The Standard printed it on October 4 and called for his removal, and students burned him in effigy that night and again on October 6. That day the faculty voted 12 to 1 to disown his views. Swain argued that only the full board could remove a professor, but on October 18 the trustees' executive committee dismissed Hedrick, and the full board confirmed it on January 5, 1857. John Kimberly took his chair. In 1857 James E. Lindsay received what Battle called the University's first Bachelor of Science. In March 1862 the Presbyterian session dropped Hedrick and his wife Ellen from its roll for nonattendance.

In the chronology

Events in this storyline, in date order. See these 17 dated events in the chronology →

  1. Benjamin S. Hedrick graduates from the university with first honors Hedrick, who had entered the sophomore class in 1848, graduated in 1851 at the head of his class and was strongest in mathematics. On President Swain's recommendation he was then given a clerkship in the Nautical Almanac office at Cambridge, Massachusetts. People: David L. Swain, William A. GrahamSearch the index · J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, Benjamin Sherwood Hedrick (1910), scan p. 8
  2. University trustees create a school of applied science and elect Charles Phillips professor of civil engineering At their annual meeting the university trustees decided to set up a School for the Application of Science to the Arts with two new chairs, civil engineering and agricultural chemistry, and elected the mathematics tutor Mr. Phillips to the chair of civil engineering.Search the index · Hillsborough Recorder, February 16, 1853, p. 3
  3. Benjamin Hedrick's house with an eight-sided room goes up on East Rosemary Street Professor Benjamin Hedrick's house at 610 East Rosemary Street, known for its octagonal room, was ready by 1855 and the Hedricks moved in; Preservation Chapel Hill credits the Hillsborough builder John Berry and Hedrick's own design, and Little says he bought an older farmhouse from the university and added the eight-sided room. Horace Williams later owned it, and Preservation Chapel Hill now has its offices there. People: John BerrySearch the index · Preservation Chapel Hill: Horace Williams House · Also: Chapel Hill Historical Society, 610 East Rosemary Street
  4. School for the Application of Science to the Arts opens Under a trustee resolution of 1852 the university opened a scientific school with departments of civil engineering, under Charles Phillips, and of chemistry applied to agriculture and the arts, under Benjamin S. Hedrick, with a laboratory in the basement of Smith Hall. Its students could earn a Bachelor of Science in about two and a half years. People: Charles Phillips, Benjamin Sherwood HedrickSearch the index · Documenting the American South: Kemp P. Battle, History of the University of North Carolina, vol. I (1907), p. 642
  5. Benjamin Hedrick is appointed the university's professor of analytical and agricultural chemistry The university appointed Benjamin Sherwood Hedrick to its new chair of analytical and agricultural chemistry. He held it until the trustees' executive committee dismissed him in October 1856.Search the index · NCpedia: Hedrick, Benjamin Sherwood
  6. Professor Hedrick tells students at the Chapel Hill polls he would vote for a Fremont ticket After voting the Democratic ticket in the August state election, Hedrick was questioned by students outside the polling place and said he would support a Fremont ticket if one existed. A garbled report that he had preached abolition to poor voters followed, and the remark grew into the case that cost him his chair.Search the index · J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, Benjamin Sherwood Hedrick (1910), scan p. 22
  7. Benjamin Hedrick answers his accusers with a public defence of his Free Soil views Attacked in the Raleigh Standard by an anonymous alumnus, later identified as law student John A. Engelhard, Hedrick wrote a reply from Chapel Hill saying he favored Fremont and opposed carrying slavery into the territories, citing Washington, Jefferson and Clay. The Standard printed it on October 4 and called for his removal. People: William W. HoldenSearch the index · J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, Benjamin Sherwood Hedrick (1910), scan p. 17
  8. Students burn Professor Hedrick in effigy on the campus On the Saturday night the Standard with Hedrick's letter reached Chapel Hill, students hung and burned him in effigy in the college grounds while the bell was tolled, and did it again on the Monday night. President Swain spoke to the whole student body on the Sunday morning, and talk of tarring and feathering him reached Raleigh. People: David L. SwainSearch the index · J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, Benjamin Sherwood Hedrick (1910), scan p. 21
  9. The faculty vote 12 to 1 to disown Hedrick's published views Called together by President Swain, the faculty resolved that Hedrick's letter broke the university's custom of keeping out of party politics and that no other member shared his opinions, while expressing personal regard for him. Instructor H. Herrisse cast the only vote against, saying no one suspected the faculty of Republicanism. People: David L. Swain, Elisha Mitchell, James Phillips, Charles Phillips, Fordyce M. HubbardSearch the index · J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, Benjamin Sherwood Hedrick (1910), scan p. 19
  10. President Swain argues that the trustees' executive committee has no power to dismiss a professor Writing to trustee secretary Charles Manly, Swain read the charter to mean that only the full board could remove a professor, and only for misbehavior, inability or neglect of duty. He urged the committee to wait for the annual meeting and to charge Hedrick, if at all, with breaking university usage rather than with his opinions. People: Charles Manly, Benjamin Sherwood HedrickSearch the index · J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, Benjamin Sherwood Hedrick (1910), scan p. 30
  11. The trustees' executive committee rules that Hedrick has destroyed his usefulness to the university Meeting under Governor Thomas Bragg, the committee resolved that Hedrick's letter broke the rule against professors agitating party politics, approved the faculty's stand, and found he could no longer serve the university. The resolutions were sent to Chapel Hill but not published. People: Thomas Bragg, Charles Lewis Hinton, Bartholomew F. Moore, Romulus M. (Romulus Mitchell) SaundersSearch the index · J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, Benjamin Sherwood Hedrick (1910), scan p. 25
  12. Hedrick reports 14 scientific students and 44 seniors in his chemistry courses Asking the trustees for a full hearing, Hedrick described his scientific course: 14 students had enrolled in it that session and 44 seniors had chosen his subjects in place of the regular course. He asked the board to move carefully over a school in which he had staked a great deal. People: Charles ManlySearch the index · J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, Benjamin Sherwood Hedrick (1910), scan p. 34
Show all 17 dated events
  1. The university dismisses Benjamin S. Hedrick over his Free Soil views In 1856 faculty member Benjamin S. Hedrick admitted and defended in the newspapers his preference for the Free Soil party. President David L. Swain disapproved of his speaking out, and on October 18, 1856 the trustees' executive committee, meeting in Raleigh, dismissed Hedrick and paid his salary to the end of the session; Swain objected only that the committee had taken authority belonging to the full board. People: Benjamin Sherwood HedrickSearch the index · NCpedia (Dictionary of North Carolina Biography): Swain, David Lowry · Also: J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, Benjamin Sherwood Hedrick; Hillsborough Recorder, November 12, 1856, p. 2
  2. The full board of trustees confirms Hedrick's dismissal At their meeting of January 5, 1857, the trustees confirmed the executive committee's October vote removing Hedrick, the step Swain had argued only the full board could take.Search the index · J. G. de Roulhac Hamilton, Benjamin Sherwood Hedrick (1910), scan p. 42
  3. John Kimberly is elected the university's professor of agricultural chemistry The university elected John Kimberly, a Harvard-trained chemist then teaching in eastern North Carolina, to the chair of agricultural chemistry in place of the dismissed Benjamin Hedrick. People: Benjamin Sherwood HedrickSearch the index · NCpedia: Kimberly, John
  4. University awards its first Bachelor of Science degree At the 1857 commencement James E. Lindsay received the first Bachelor of Science degree in the university's history, from the new scientific school. Six more B.S. degrees followed in 1859 and five in 1860.Search the index · Documenting the American South: Kemp P. Battle, History of the University of North Carolina, vol. I (1907), p. 676 · Also: The Chapel Hill Gazette, June 6, 1857, p. 2
  5. The Presbyterian session drops Benjamin and Ellen Hedrick from membership After his 1856 dismissal from the faculty for backing Fremont, Benjamin Hedrick and his wife Ellen found themselves shunned at church and stopped attending. The session then struck both from the roll for nonattendance. Lucy Phillips Russell's 1936 history of the church in the Chapel Hill Weekly said instead that they had withdrawn from fellowship and attendance because they disapproved of the pastor and session owning slaves.Search the index · The First Hundred Years: The Chapel Hill Presbyterian Church, 1849-1949 (1950), scan p. 24 · Also: Chapel Hill Weekly, April 24, 1936, p. 3

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